2022年青藏高原复合高温干旱事件对区域植被的影响

doi:10.12006/j.issn.1673-1719.2025.079

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

2022年青藏高原夏季遭遇罕见的极端高温干旱复合事件，但该事件造成的区域植被变化及其机制尚不明确。文中利用2000—2022年的气候资料和遥感植被指数产品，应用主成分分析等方法，旨在揭示该事件对区域植被生长的影响及其驱动机制。研究发现，2022年青藏高原复合极端高温干旱事件整体上抑制了青藏高原的植被生长，当年区域平均生长季归一化植被指数（NDVI）较前一年同期下降28%，受严重抑制（去趋势后的NDVI标准化距平低于-2）的植被生长区域占比约6%，位居研究时段内第三位。植被生长受抑制最严重的区域主要位于青藏高原南部和东北部部分地区。进一步分析发现，2022年青藏高原春季偏暖，利于春季物候提前，加快土壤水分消耗；而当年夏季降水偏少，不足以补充蒸腾失水，造成夏季土壤严重干旱。这继而改变了夏季地表能量平衡，通过陆气反馈加剧地表气温升高，在青藏高原90%以上地区同期日最高气温超过了植物光合作用的最适温度。这种复合的水分和温度胁迫共同抑制了青藏高原植被生长。研究结果为理解气候变化下青藏高原的生态响应提供了重要的科学依据。

关键词: 复合极端高温干旱事件, 青藏高原, 植被生长, 影响机制, 气候变化

Abstract:

The Tibetan Plateau (TP) experienced a record-breaking concurrence of heatwave and drought in 2022. However, the impact of this compound hot-dry extreme event on vegetation growth and its underlying mechanisms remain unclear. Based on climate data and remote-sensing derived vegetation index during 2000—2022, changes in vegetation growth in response to this event were analyzed and the potential driving mechanisms were clarified. The compound hot-dry extreme event in 2022 significantly suppressed vegetation growth over the TP, with the growing season Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) declined by 28% compared to the previous year. About 6% of the study area experienced severe suppression, ranking the third highest during the study period. Regions with remarkable NDVI decline were primarily located in the southern and northeastern parts of TP. Further analysis indicated that the unusually high temperatures and sufficient precipitation during April-May 2022 led to earlier spring phenology and accelerated soil moisture depletion. The subsequent summer drought and elevated temperatures further intensified soil moisture deficits through land-atmosphere feedbacks. Additionally, daily maximum temperatures during July-August notably surpassed the temperature optima for plant growth for over 90% of the study area. Collectively, these compound heat and drought stresses significantly suppressed vegetation growth in 2022. This research provides critical insights into the local ecological responses to climate change.

Key words: Compound hot-dry extreme event, Tibetan Plateau (TP), Vegetation growth, Impact mechanism, Climate change

肖雪, 黄萌田, 周佰铨, 王晨鹏, 翟盘茂. 2022年青藏高原复合高温干旱事件对区域植被的影响[J]. 气候变化研究进展, 2025, 21(6): 777-788.

XIAO Xue, HUANG Meng-Tian, ZHOU Bai-Quan, WANG Chen-Peng, ZHAI Pan-Mao. Impact of the 2022 compound hot-dry extreme events on vegetation growth over the Tibetan Plateau[J]. Climate Change Research, 2025, 21(6): 777-788.

图/表 10

图1 青藏高原高程及植被类型分布图注：I代表暖温带灌木、半灌木、裸露；II代表温带南部森林（草甸）草原；III代表温带南部荒漠草原；IV代表高寒草原；V代表高寒灌丛，草甸；VI代表高寒草甸；VII代表亚热带山地寒温性针叶林；VIII代表暖温带灌木、半灌木荒漠；IX代表高寒荒漠；X代表温性荒漠；XI代表温性草原；XII代表中亚热带常绿阔叶林；XIII代表北热带季节雨林、半常绿季雨林；XIV代表中亚热带常绿阔叶林；XV代表北热带半常绿季雨林、湿润雨林；XVI代表暖温带南部落叶栎林；XVII代表温带灌木、半灌木荒漠；XVIII代表温带半灌木，灌木荒漠。

Fig. 1 Elevation and vegetation type distribution map of the Tibetan Plateau

图2 2000—2022年青藏高原生长季平均日最高气温和累积降水量的标准化距平注：日最高气温标准化距平基于2000—2021年气候标准态计算，下同。

Fig. 2 Standardized anomalies of growing-season averaged daily maximum temperature and cumulative precipitation over the Tibetan Plateau from 2000 to 2022

Fig. 3 Vegetation growth status on the Tibetan Plateau. (a) Standardized anomaly of growing-season averaged NDVI over the Tibetan Plateau from 2000 to 2022, (b) spatial distribution of standardized anomaly of growing-season averaged NDVI in 2022, (c) probability density function of detrended standardized anomaly of growing-season averaged NDVI from 2000 to 2022, (d) pixel proportion of detrended standardized anomaly of growing season average NDVI below -2.0, -2.5 and -3.0 from 2000 to 2022

Fig. 4 Principal component analysis results of NDVI standardization anomaly during the growing season in the Tibetan Plateau. (a) Time series of regional average standardized anomaly of NDVI, NDVI-PC1 reconstructed by the first principal component, and NDVI-IAV reconstructed by the 2nd to 6th principal components over the Tibetan Plateau from 2000 to 2022, (b) spatial distribution of NDVI-PC1 in 2022, (c) spatial distribution of NDVI-IAV in 2022

图5 青藏高原GPP变化情况(a) 2022年青藏高原GPP-IAV空间分布，(b) 2022年青藏高原7—8月GPP标准化距平的空间分布注：GPP-IAV由2001—2022年青藏高原GPP标准化距平主成分分析后的第2~7主成分重建得到。

Fig. 5 Ecosystem GPP over the Tibetan Plateau. (a) Spatial distribution of GPP-IAV on the Tibetan Plateau in 2022 (with GPP-IAV reconstructed from the 2nd to 7th principal components of the standardized anomaly of GPP on the Tibetan Plateau from 2001 to 2022),(b) spatial distribution of standardized anomaly of GPP on the Tibetan Plateau in July-August, 2022

图6 2000—2022年去趋势的青藏高原地区生长季平均NDVI与平均日最高气温(a)和累积降水量(b)的偏相关系数的空间分布注：图中空心圆标注像元代表通过了显著性检验（p<0.05）。括号中*代表通过0.05显著性检验，数字代表通过显著性检验的像元占比。

Fig. 6 Spatial distribution of partial correlation coefficients between detrended growing season NDVI and mean daily maximum temperature (a) and cumulative precipitation (b) on the Tibetan Plateau from 2000 to 2022

图7 2022年复合高温干旱事件造成青藏高原植被变化的空间分布特征注：填色像元代表对应相关系数下2022年青藏高原地区经PCA处理得到的NDVI-IAV的平均值。

Fig. 7 The spatial distribution characteristics of vegetation change in the Tibetan Plateau caused by the compound hot-dry extreme event in 2022

图8 青藏高原生长季内NDVI变化情况(a) 2000—2022年生长季区域平均NDVI变化，(b) 2022年研究区域7—8月平均NDVI标准化距平值的空间分布

Fig. 8 Changes in NDVI during the growing season in the Tibetan Plateau. (a) Interannual variability of regionally averaged NDVI, (b) spatial distribution of standardized anomaly of NDVI in July-August, 2022

图9 2022年青藏高原研究区域日最高气温(a)、累积降水(b)和0~289 cm深度平均土壤湿度(c)的逐月变化情况

Fig. 9 Monthly variations of daily maximum temperature (a), cumulative precipitation (b), and soil moisture averaged over 0-289 cm depth (c) on the Tibetan Plateau in 2022

图10 2022年青藏高原7—8月日最高气温(a)及其与植被生长最适温度的差值(b)的空间分布注：(b)图空心矩形标注像元代表7—8月平均NDVI标准化距平值低于-1.5的区域。植被光合最适温度数据因其分辨率过高且青藏高原缺值较多，重采样单独采用最近邻插值方法以保留较多原始数据。

Fig. 10 Spatial distribution of daily maximum temperature (a) and the difference between daily maximum temperature and the optimal temperature for vegetation growth (b) on the Tibetan Plateau during July-August, 2022

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