《巴黎协定》下的国际碳市场机制：基本形式和前景展望

doi:10.12006/j.issn.1673-1719.2018.155

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

《巴黎协定》第6条建立的两种国际碳市场机制受到广泛关注,将在2020年后的气候制度中发挥至关重要的作用。文中识别了覆盖范围、交易指标类型和管理模式等3个构成国际碳市场机制的关键要素及其不同设计选项,并以此为基础阐明国际碳市场机制的基本形式。梳理并识别谈判中有关国际碳市场机制的焦点问题及其不同规则设计,并在此基础上分析中国参与国际碳市场机制的机遇和挑战。结合中国气候融资、提升减排力度、推动绿色“一带一路”和气候变化南南合作的内在需求以及国内有关市场机制的现有能力,分析提出两种国际碳市场机制在中国近期、中期和远期的发展前景及其所需的能力建设。

关键词: 巴黎协定, 市场机制, 合作方法, 可持续发展机制, 气候变化

Abstract:

Article 6 of Paris Agreement introduces two international market mechanisms that, which receive extensive attention and will play an important role in post 2020 climate regime. Three key elements of the international market mechanisms, including the scope, the tradable units’ type and the governance, are identified, as the basis to clarify the basic forms of the two international market mechanisms. Based on the focus issues and their different design identified in negotiations, this paper analyzes the opportunities and challenges for China to participate in the international market mechanism. Considering the inherent needs of climate change mitigation, climate finance, the development of green Belt and Road and South-South Cooperation on climate change, and the existing domestic capacities on the market mechanisms, this paper puts forward the short-term, medium-term and long-term development prospects of the two international market mechanisms.

Key words: Paris Agreement, Market mechanism, Cooperative approaches, Sustainable development mechanism, Climate change

高帅,李梦宇,段茂盛,王灿. 《巴黎协定》下的国际碳市场机制：基本形式和前景展望[J]. 气候变化研究进展, 2019, 15(3): 222-231.

Shuai GAO,Meng-Yu LI,Mao-Sheng DUAN,Can WANG. International market mechanisms under Paris Agreement: basic form and future prospects[J]. Climate Change Research, 2019, 15(3): 222-231.

图/表 3

表1 与《巴黎协定》下国际碳市场机制相关的谈判内容

Table 1 UNFCCC discussions related to international market mechanism under Paris Agreement

图1 国际碳市场机制的关键要素

Fig. 1 Key elements of the international market mechanism

图2 合作方法的指南范围和管理模式

Fig. 2 The scope of guidance and the governance of cooperative approaches

参考文献

[1]	UNFCCC. Paris Agreement [EB/OL] . 2015 [ 2018-09-05]. https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/english_paris_agreement.pdf
[2]	陈艺丹, 蔡闻佳, 王灿 . 国家自主决定贡献的特征研究[J]. 气候变化研究进展, 2018,14(3):295-302.
[2]	Chen Y D, Cai W J, Wang C . The characteristics of intended nationally determined contributions[J]. Climate Change Research, 2018,14(3):295-302 (in Chinese)
[3]	Cames M, Healy S, Tänzler D , et al.International market mechanisms after Paris [R]. Berlin: German Emissions Trading Authority ( DEHS), 2016
[4]	Koakutsu K, Amellina A, Rocamora A R , et al. Operationalizing the Paris Agreement Article 6 through the Joint Crediting Mechanism (JCM) [R]. Hyogo: IGES, 2016
[5]	UNFCCC. Informal document containing the draft elements of guidance on cooperative approaches referred to in Article 6, paragraph 2, of the Paris Agreement [EB/OL]. 2018 [ 2018-09-01]. https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/resource/docs/2018/sbsta/eng/sbsta48.informal.2.pdf
[6]	UNFCCC. Informal document containing the draft elements of the rules, modalities and procedures for the mechanism established by Article 6, paragraph 4, of the Paris Agreement [EB/OL]. 2018 [ 2018-09-01]. https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/resource/docs/2018/sbsta/eng/sbsta48.informal.3. pdf
[7]	Koakutsu K, Usui K . New market mechanisms in charts [R]. Hyogo: IGES, 2014
[8]	Rocamora A R, Amellina A, Umemiya C . New market mechanisms in charts [R]. Hyogo: IGES, 2017
[9]	Baron R, Buchner B, Ellis J . Sectoral approaches and the carbon market[R]. Paris: OECD/ IEA, 2009
[10]	Schneider L, Cames M . A framework for a sectoral crediting mechanism in a post-2012 climate regime [R]. Berlin: ÖkoInstiitue, 2009
[11]	Sterk W, Bolscher H, Laan J V D , et al. Developing a sectoral new market mechanism: insights from theoretical analysis and country showcases[J]. Climate Policy, 2015,15(4):417-437
[12]	World Bank . Crediting-related activities under the PMR: status and support for implementation [R]. Washington: World Bank, 2015
[13]	Kfw. Project outline: facility for carbon-linked incentive scheme in Indonesia [R]. Frankfurt: Kfw, 2013
[14]	Koakutsu K, Usui K . New market mechanisms in charts [R]. Hyogo: IGES, 2013
[15]	Gao S, Smits M, Mol A P J , et al. New market mechanism and its implication for carbon reduction in China[J]. Energy Policy, 2016,98:221-231
[16]	Asian Development Bank ( ADB). Decoding Article 6 of the Paris Agreement [R]. Mandaluyong: ADB, 2018
[17]	Schneider L, Füssler J, Kohli A , et al. Robust accounting of international transfers under Article 6 of the Paris Agreement discussion paper [R]. Berlin: German Emissions Trading Authority ( DEHSt), 2017
[18]	Healy S . Quick facts on Article 6: market mechanisms [R]. Berlin: German Emissions Trading Authority ( DEHSt), 2017
[19]	Marcu A . The framework for various approaches and the new market mechanism [R]. Brussels: CEPS, 2014
[20]	Marcu A . Carbon market provisions in the Paris Agreement (Article 6) [R]. Brussels: CEPS, 2016
[21]	曾文革, 党庶枫 . 《巴黎协定》国家自主贡献下的新市场机制探析[J]. 中国人口·资源与环境, 2017,27(9):112-119.
[21]	Zeng W G, Dang S F . Analysis on new market mechanism under intended nationally determined contributions of Paris Agreement[J]. China Population, Resources and Environment, 2017,27(9):112-119 (in Chinese)
[22]	Marcu A . Governance of Article 6 of the Paris Agreement and lessons learned from the Kyoto Protocol [R]. Waterloo: Centre for International Governance Innovation ( CIGI), 2017
[23]	Marcu A . Issues and options: elements for text under Article 6 [R]. Geneva: ICTSD, 2017
[24]	Mizuno Y . Proposal for guidance on robust accounting under Article 6 of the Paris Agreement [R]. Hyogo: IGES, 2017
[25]	Wuppertal Institute . Shaping the Paris mechanisms part III an update on submissions on Article 6 of the Paris Agreement [R]. Wuppertal: Wuppertal Institute, 2017
[26]	Marcu A . Article 6 of the Paris Agreement: reflections on party submissions before Marrakech [R]. Geneva: ICTSD, 2017
[27]	Climate Focus . What is the future of the CDM? Questions and answers [R]. Amsterdam: Climate Focus, 2017
[28]	Amin A L, Ng S W, Holmes I. 中国低碳金融之路[R]. 伦敦: E3G, 2014.
[28]	Amin A L, Ng S W, Holmes I . The road of low carbon finance in China [R]. London: E3G, 2014 ( in Chinese)
[29]	李碧浩, 陈波, 黄蓓佳 , 等. 基于CFDAM模型的中国气候资金需求分析[J]. 复旦学报:自然科学版, 2017 ( 5):39-45.
[29]	Li B H, Chen B, Huang B J , et al. Climate financing demand analysis in China based on CFDAM model[J]. Journal of Fudan University: Natural Science, 2017 ( 5):39-45 (in Chinese)
[30]	Carbon Market Express. Carbon offsetting and reduction scheme for international aviation [EB/OL]. 2018 [ 2018-09-02]. https://www.carbon-markets.go.jp/eng/mkt-mech/climate/icao.html
[31]	UNFCCC. Report of the conference of the parties on its nineteenth session, held in Warsaw from 11 to 23 November 2013 [EB/OL]. 2014 [ 2018- 08- 31]. http://unfccc.int/resource/docs/2013/cop19/eng/10a01.pdf
[32]	Dai Y D, Price L, Creyts J , et al. Reinventing fire: China [R]. Beijing/Berkeley/Basalt: ERI/LBNL/RMI, 2016
[33]	张昕, 马爱民, 张敏思 , 等. 中国温室气体自愿减排交易体系建设[EB/OL]. 2018 [ 2019- 01- 09]. http://www.cssn.cn/jjx/xk/jjx_yyjjx/csqyhjjjx/201802/t20180206_3842575.shtml
[33]	Zhang X, Ma A M, Zhang M S , et al. Construction of Chinese greenhouse gas voluntary emission trading system [EB/OL]. 2018 [ 2019- 01- 09]. (in Chinese) http://www.cssn.cn/jjx/xk/jjx_yyjjx/csqyhjjjx/201802/t20180206_3842575.shtml
[34]	周胜, 段茂盛 . 建筑领域在中国碳市场抵消机制中前景研究[R]. Eschborn: GIZ, 2014.
[34]	Zhou S, Duan M S . Prospect of the building sector in the offset mechanism of carbon market in China [R]. Eschborn: GIZ, 2014 ( in Chinese)
[35]	Chan G, Bloomquist H, Denk B , et al. Guidelines for a sectoral sustainable development mechanism in the post-2020 climate regime [EB/OL]. University of Minnesota Digital Conservancy, 2016 [ 2019- 01- 09]. http://hdl.handle.net/11299/190929
[36]	姚波, Ross K, 朱晶晶 , 等. 全面减排迈向净零排放目标: 中国非二氧化碳温室气体减排潜力研究[R].Washington: WRI, 2016.
[36]	Yao B, Ross K, Zhu J J, et al. . Opportunities to enhance non-carbon dioxide greenhouse gas mitigation in China [R]. Washington: WRI, 2016 ( in Chinese)
[37]	戴彦德, 胡秀莲 . 中国二氧化碳减排技术潜力和成本研究[M]. 北京: 中国环境出版社, 2013.
[37]	Dai Y D, Hu X L. Potential and cost study on China’s carbon mitigation technologies [M]. Beijing: China Environmental Science Press, 2013 ( in Chinese)
[38]	Li Y, Zhu L . Cost of energy saving and CO2, emissions reduction in China’s iron and steel sector[J]. Applied Energy, 2014,130:603-616
[39]	Zhou L H, Gilbert S, Wang Y , et al. Moving the green Belt and Road initiative: from words to actions [R]. Washington: WRI, 2018
[40]	Munnings C, Morgenstern R D, Wang Z , et al. Assessing the design of three carbon trading pilot programs in China[J]. Energy Policy, 2016 ( 96):688-699
[41]	Zhang B, Zhang H, Liu B , et al. Policy interactions and under-performing emission trading markets in China[J]. Environmental Science & Technology, 2013,47:7077-7084
[42]	Zhang D, Karplus V J, Cassisa C , et al. Emissions trading in China: progress and prospects[J]. Energy Policy, 2014,75(4):9-16
[43]	Le H, Delbosc A . Japan’s bilateral offset crediting mechanism: a bilateral solution to a global issue [R]. Climate Brief, 2012
[44]	Ewing J . Roadmap to a Northeast Asian carbon market [R]. Hong Kong: Asia Society Policy Institute, 2016
[45]	Xiao H, Wei Q, Wang H . Marginal abatement cost and carbon reduction potential outlook of key energy efficiency technologies in China’s building sector to 2030[J]. Energy Policy, 2014,69:92-105