国际气候投融资监测、报告与核证制度及启示

doi:10.12006/j.issn.1673-1719.2021.198

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

实现中国2030年前碳达峰、2060年前碳中和需要大量的资金支持,亟需构建与之匹配的气候投融资体系。气候投融资监测、报告与核证（MRV）是气候投融资体系的重要组成部分,一方面能够有效地监督报告资金来源、使用及效果,另一方面能够统筹利用现有资金充分发挥对应对气候变化的积极作用,并撬动更多资金流向气候变化领域。本文通过广泛的文献调研和专家咨询,全面总结分析国际气候投融资MRV制度进展及对我国的启示。2010年以来随着气候融资的渠道和数量不断增加,国际上建立了较为完善的双边、多边公共资金MRV制度,正在探索建立覆盖私人资金、国内资金等更多来源的气候资金MRV制度。与此同时,逐步建立了气候资金效果MRV制度,从气候资金的气候效益如减缓和适应气候变化效果,扩展到非气候效益如与《巴黎协定》资金目标的一致性、对可持续发展目标的贡献等。我国气候投融资MRV制度尚处于起步阶段,未来应从顶层设计、政策标准、统计报告、能力建设、国际合作等方面予以完善。

关键词: 气候投融资, 气候资金, 监测、报告与核证（MRV）, 碳达峰, 碳中和

Abstract:

Achieving China's goals of carbon dioxide peaking before 2030 and carbon neutrality before 2060 requires a large amount of financial support, and it is urgent to build a climate finance system to match the goals. The Monitoring, Reporting and Verification (MRV) system, an important part of the climate finance system, can not only effectively monitor and report the sources, usage and effectiveness of climate finance, but also make full use of the existing climate finance resources and leverage more money to the climate change field. This paper summarizes and analyzes the latest progress of the international climate finance MRV system and its implications for China through extensive literature review and expert consultation. Since 2010, with the increasing channels and quantity of international climate finance flows, a complete MRV system of bilateral and multilateral public finance has been established, and the MRV system covering more sources, such as private and domestic funds, is further being developed. At the same time, the MRV system of climate finance effects has been gradually established in terms of climate benefits such as climate change mitigation and adaptation effects, and non-climate benefits such as consistency with the Paris Agreement financial targets, contribution to sustainable development goals, etc. China is still at the early stage of climate finance MRV system, and should improve it in terms of top-level design, policy and standards, measurement and reporting, capacity building and international communication and cooperation in the near future.

Key words: Climate finance, Climate finance flows, Measurement, Reporting and Verification (MRV), Carbon dioxide peaking, Carbon neutrality

曾桉, 谭显春, 王毅, 高瑾昕. 国际气候投融资监测、报告与核证制度及启示[J]. 气候变化研究进展, 2022, 18(2): 215-229.

ZENG An, TAN Xian-Chun, WANG Yi, GAO Jin-Xin. International experiences on Measurement, Reporting and Verification of climate finance and implications for China[J]. Climate Change Research, 2022, 18(2): 215-229.

图/表 10

表1 主要国际机构对减缓和适应的定义

Table 1 Definition of mitigation and adaptation of main international organizations

图1 国际气候投融资MRV基本情况注：图中箭头表示正式的报告程序,例如通过UNFCCC、OECD-DAC或MDBs和IDFC的联合报告。一些DFIs向其所在国的政府报告数据,以纳入向UNFCCC或OECD-DAC的报告中。

Fig. 1 Framework of international climate finance MRV

表2 气候投融资MRV主要机构及工作重点

Table 2 Main organizations and their key areas for climate finance MRV

表3 国际公共气候资金MRV要求

Table 3 MRV requirements of international public climate finance flows

表4 国际动员资金MRV要求

Table 4 MRV requirements of private finance mobilized by international public climate finance

表5 主要气候基金的减缓和适应效果MRV要求

Table 5 MRV requirements of mitigation and adaptation effects for main climate funds

表6 私人金融部门资本流量和存量评估方法和指标

Table 6 The assessment method and index of capital flow and stock by private financial sector

表7 国际气候投融资MRV制度关键内容

Table 7 The key issues of MRV system of international climate finance

表8 中国气候投融资MRV制度关键内容

Table 8 The key issues of MRV system of China's climate finance

附表缩略词

Appendix Abbreviation

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