Status of methane emissions from paddy fields, mitigation technologies and strategic pathways for low-carbon production

doi:10.12006/j.issn.1673-1719.2023.136

Abstract

Abstract:

As the largest staple food crop, rice plays a pivotal role in China’s stable and safe supply system of grain and important agricultural products. It can be seen that low-carbon rice production is not only related to the promotion of the national dual-carbon strategy, but also of great significance for the improvement of the national grain self-sufficiency rate, the improvement of national dietary nutrition and the implementation of climate diplomacy. This paper systematically discusses the realization path of low-carbon sustainable rice production system from the aspects of China’s rice field methane emission status, emission reduction technology and low-carbon production strategy. In recent years, although the rice planting area in China has fluctuated, the yield per unit area of rice has continued to increase. In 2021, the average yield per mu (1 mu≈667 m²) reached 474.2 kg, a record high in history. At the same time, rice fields are also the main source of methane (CH₄) emissions in China (187 Mt CO₂e), accounting for 40.1% of the total methane emissions from agricultural activities in China. Therefore, facing the multiple challenges of sustainable rice production, adverse impacts of climate change in the future, and climate diplomacy, CH₄ emission reduction in paddy fields must fully consider the comprehensive planning of water, fertilizers, varieties, tillage, and inoculum products. It is necessary to establish a technical system based on human-enhanced measures supplemented by Nature-based Solutions, for inhibiting growth, improving production and increasing efficiency based on near-natural regulation and artificial enhancement, which is applicable to the main rice-producing areas. On this regarding, the implementation of cover crop planting, no-tillage rotation, high-yield and low-emission variety breeding, mulching and moisture conservation, bacterial agent synergistic products, intelligent machinery, reasonable dense planting, decoupling of tillers, alternating wet and dry, and aerobic farming, etc., to ensure the effective supply of rice, reduce emissions and increase carbon, and achieve sustainable, green and high-quality development of rice.

Key words: Rice, Food security, Methane (CH₄), Emission reduction technology, Low-carbon production strategy

QIN Xiao-Bo, WANG Jin-Ming, WANG Bin, WAN Yun-Fan. Status of methane emissions from paddy fields, mitigation technologies and strategic pathways for low-carbon production[J]. Climate Change Research, 2023, 19(5): 541-558.

Figures/Tables 7

Fig. 1 Current situation of rice production and methane emission from paddy field in China

Table 1 Methane emission from China and global paddy field

Fig. 2 High-yield and low-emission rice variety breeding and improvement direction[37]

Fig. 3 CH4 emission reduction technology system of “suppressing, increase, improving & reduction” in paddy fields

Table 2 Characteristics of climate change in China and its impact on rice yield, cultivated land area and planting structure [95]

Fig. 4 Sankey diagram of rice low-carbon production strategic path

Fig. 5 Climate-smart rice production system with emission reduction and efficiency enhancement

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