稻田甲烷排放现状、减排技术和低碳生产战略路径

doi:10.12006/j.issn.1673-1719.2023.136

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

作为第一大主粮作物，水稻在我国粮食和重要农产品稳定安全供给体系中占有举足轻重的地位，其低碳生产不仅关乎国家双碳战略的推进，更对国家粮食自给率提升、国民膳食营养改善和气候外交的实施意义重大。文中从我国稻田甲烷（CH₄）排放现状、减排技术和低碳生产战略等方面，系统论述了低碳可持续稻谷生产系统的实现路径。近年来，我国水稻种植面积尽管有所波动，但水稻单产持续增加，2021年平均亩产高达474.2 kg，创历史新高。与此同时，稻田也是我国CH₄主要排放源（1.87 亿t CO₂e)，占我国农业活动CH₄排放总量的40.1%。因此，面对水稻可持续生产、未来气候变化不利影响及气候外交的多重挑战，稻田CH₄减排要充分考虑水分、肥料、品种、耕作和菌剂产品等的综合运筹，以人为强化措施为主，辅以基于自然的解决方案，建立主产稻区适用“抑菌减排－增腐固碳－良种丰产－减投增效”的“抑增良减”技术体系。实施覆盖作物种植、免耕轮作、高产低排品种选育、覆膜保墒、菌剂增效产品、智能机具、合理密植、肥蘖脱钩、干湿交替和增氧耕作等十大技术模式，在确保稻米有效供给的同时减排增碳，实现水稻可持续绿色高质量发展。

关键词: 水稻, 粮食安全, 甲烷（CH₄）, 减排技术, 低碳生产战略

Abstract:

As the largest staple food crop, rice plays a pivotal role in China’s stable and safe supply system of grain and important agricultural products. It can be seen that low-carbon rice production is not only related to the promotion of the national dual-carbon strategy, but also of great significance for the improvement of the national grain self-sufficiency rate, the improvement of national dietary nutrition and the implementation of climate diplomacy. This paper systematically discusses the realization path of low-carbon sustainable rice production system from the aspects of China’s rice field methane emission status, emission reduction technology and low-carbon production strategy. In recent years, although the rice planting area in China has fluctuated, the yield per unit area of rice has continued to increase. In 2021, the average yield per mu (1 mu≈667 m²) reached 474.2 kg, a record high in history. At the same time, rice fields are also the main source of methane (CH₄) emissions in China (187 Mt CO₂e), accounting for 40.1% of the total methane emissions from agricultural activities in China. Therefore, facing the multiple challenges of sustainable rice production, adverse impacts of climate change in the future, and climate diplomacy, CH₄ emission reduction in paddy fields must fully consider the comprehensive planning of water, fertilizers, varieties, tillage, and inoculum products. It is necessary to establish a technical system based on human-enhanced measures supplemented by Nature-based Solutions, for inhibiting growth, improving production and increasing efficiency based on near-natural regulation and artificial enhancement, which is applicable to the main rice-producing areas. On this regarding, the implementation of cover crop planting, no-tillage rotation, high-yield and low-emission variety breeding, mulching and moisture conservation, bacterial agent synergistic products, intelligent machinery, reasonable dense planting, decoupling of tillers, alternating wet and dry, and aerobic farming, etc., to ensure the effective supply of rice, reduce emissions and increase carbon, and achieve sustainable, green and high-quality development of rice.

Key words: Rice, Food security, Methane (CH₄), Emission reduction technology, Low-carbon production strategy

秦晓波, 王金明, 王斌, 万运帆. 稻田甲烷排放现状、减排技术和低碳生产战略路径[J]. 气候变化研究进展, 2023, 19(5): 541-558.

QIN Xiao-Bo, WANG Jin-Ming, WANG Bin, WAN Yun-Fan. Status of methane emissions from paddy fields, mitigation technologies and strategic pathways for low-carbon production[J]. Climate Change Research, 2023, 19(5): 541-558.

图/表 7

图1 我国水稻生产和稻田CH4排放现状注：数据来源于《中国统计年鉴（1979—2021年）》和《中华人民共和国气候变化第二次两年更新报告》。

Fig. 1 Current situation of rice production and methane emission from paddy field in China

表1 中国和全球稻田CH4排放现状

Table 1 Methane emission from China and global paddy field

图2 高产低排放水稻品种选育改良方向[37]

Fig. 2 High-yield and low-emission rice variety breeding and improvement direction[37]

图3 稻田CH4减排“抑增良减”技术体系

Fig. 3 CH4 emission reduction technology system of “suppressing, increase, improving & reduction” in paddy fields

表2 我国气候变化特征及其对水稻产量、耕地面积和种植结构的影响[95]

Table 2 Characteristics of climate change in China and its impact on rice yield, cultivated land area and planting structure [95]

图4 水稻低碳生产战略路径桑基图注：调控方案分为人为强化和基于自然的解决方案2大类9小类，互作效应表明9个小类调控手段之间的交互，技术手段则是在9小类措施下的具体技术模式及其组合，调控途径则表示从技术手段到调控目标路径，其中也包括诸多技术的交互调控机制。

Fig. 4 Sankey diagram of rice low-carbon production strategic path

图5 气候智慧型水稻减排增效生产体系

Fig. 5 Climate-smart rice production system with emission reduction and efficiency enhancement

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