基于均一化气温数据集的中国海拔依赖型增暖研究

doi:10.12006/j.issn.1673-1719.2025.211

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

中国气温存在海拔依赖型增暖（EDW)，但增暖趋势随海拔升高而增强（正EDW）或是减弱（负EDW)，不同研究给出的结论并不完全一致。文中利用中国目前空间覆盖度较高的气象站逐日均一化气温数据集，研究1961—2021年及该期间多个子时期的气温变化趋势与海拔高度的关系。结果表明，最低气温（Tmin)、最高气温（Tmax)、平均气温（Tmean）的年平均值均显示存在正EDW，青藏高原及其周边区域更显著；季节平均值的EDW差异明显，Tmax、Tmean以及1981年以来的Tmin春季存在显著的负EDW，其他季节平均Tmin、Tmax、Tmean绝大多数情况为显著的正EDW；月平均值的EDW表现出明显的月份差异，与Tmin、Tmean相比，Tmax对应的月份差异在各个时期都最显著，11月或12月正EDW达到最强，随后减弱，3月或4月负EDW达到最强，至6月转变为正EDW，6—10月正EDW强度相对稳定。考虑到纬度差异可能对EDW信号检测造成的影响，针对不同纬度带单独研究分析，所得结果与上述结论一致。中国气温的EDW特征与全球变暖背景下高海拔地区下垫面变化密切相关，EDW及其季节差异很可能是由积雪、植被覆盖变化等对应的辐射收支强迫造成的。

关键词: 气温, 增温趋势, 海拔依赖型增暖（EDW）, 均一化数据集

Abstract:

Elevation-dependent warming (EDW) exists in China, but there is no complete consensus among different studies regarding whether the warming rate intensifies (positive EDW) or weakens (negative EDW) with increasing elevation. Based on the daily homogenized temperature dataset from the meteorological stations with high spatial coverage currently in China, the EDW characteristics were analyzed in this study during 1961-2021 and multiple sub-periods within this timeframe. The results show that annual mean values of minimum temperature (Tmin), maximum temperature (Tmax), and mean temperature (Tmean) all exhibit positive EDW, which is particularly pronounced over the Tibetan Plateau and its surrounding regions. The EDW of seasonal mean temperatures varies significantly. The seasonal average Tmax and Tmean have significant negative EDW in spring, and the same is true of Tmin since 1981, while the seasonal average Tmin, Tmax and Tmean in other seasons are mostly characterized by significant positive EDW. The EDW of monthly mean temperature shows certain temporal differences. Compared to Tmin and Tmean, the monthly variation in EDW for Tmax is the most pronounced across all periods. The positive EDW of Tmax reaches the strongest in November or December, and then weakens. By March or April, the negative EDW of Tmax reaches its peak before transitioning back to positive values by June, which then remain relatively stable through October. Considering the influence of latitude difference on EDW signal detection, separate analyses were conducted for different latitude bands, and the results are consistent with the above conclusions. This study reveals that, even within the same region, the strength of EDW can differ markedly across seasons, and the EDW signal may even reverse sign-shifting from positive to negative or vice versa. The EDW pattern in China are closely related to surface changes in high-elevation regions under the background of global warming. The EDW and its seasonal differences are likely caused by the radiation budget forcing associated with changes in snow cover and vegetation coverage.

Key words: Temperature, Warming rate, Elevation-dependent warming (EDW), Homogenized dataset

胡宜昌. 基于均一化气温数据集的中国海拔依赖型增暖研究[J]. 气候变化研究进展, 2026, 22(1): 28-40.

HU Yi-Chang. Study on elevation-dependent warming in China based on a homogenized temperature dataset[J]. Climate Change Research, 2026, 22(1): 28-40.

图/表 9

图1 研究选取的1922个气象台站的空间及海拔高度分布注：红色虚线框代表青藏高原及其周边区域。

Fig. 1 The spatial and elevation distribution of the 1922 meteorological stations in China. (The dashed box represents the Tibetan Plateau and its surrounding regions)

图2 1961—2021年平均Tmin (a)、Tmax (b)、Tmean (c)及DTR (d)的变化趋势水平空间分布注：图中不同色块对应趋势t值的整体分布区间，同一色块内又以三角形大小区分t值强弱，t单位为℃/(10 a)。

Fig. 2 Horizontal spatial distribution of trends for the annual average Tmin (a), Tmax (b), Tmean (c), and diurnal temperature range (DTR) (d) from 1961 to 2021

图3 1961—2021年Tmin (a)、Tmax (b)和Tmean (c)的年平均值变化趋势随海拔高度（500 m以上）和纬度的空间分布

Fig. 3 Trends for the annual average Tmin (a), Tmax (b), Tmean (c) from 1961 to 2021 with respect to elevation (above 500 m) and latitude

图4 海拔高度间距取500 m情况下，1961—2021年间年平均Tmin、Tmax、Tmean在全国（a、c、e）和青藏高原及其周边区域（b、d、f）的EDW特征注：图中三角形代表中位数，虚线代表四分位间距，实线代表中位数的线性拟合。

Fig. 4 EDW of the annual average Tmin, Tmax, Tmean from 1961 to 2021 in China (a, c, e) and Tibetan Plateau and its surrounding regions (b, d, f) with 500-meter elevation interval. (Triangles: median; dashed lines: interquartile range; solid line: linear fit of the median)

表1 1961—2021年不同海拔高度间距下季节平均气温的EDW

Table 1 EDW of the seasonal average temperatures during 1961-2021 with different elevation intervals

表2 海拔高度间距取200 m情况下，1961—2021年中国不同纬度带上季节平均气温的EDW

Table 2 EDW of the seasonal average temperature in China across different latitude bands for the period of 1961-2021 with 200-meter elevation interval

图5 同图4，但是对应月平均Tmax在整个中国地区的EDW特征

Fig. 5 Same as Fig. 4, but for EDW of the monthly average Tmax in China

表3 海拔高度间距取200 m情况下，1961—2021年中国不同海拔高度范围内月平均气温的EDW

Table 3 EDW of the monthly average temperature in China over different elevation ranges during 1961?2021 with 200-meter elevation interval 10-2℃/（（10 a）·km）

图6 1961—2021年中国不同纬度带上月平均Tmax的EDW，海拔高度间距分别取200 m (a)，500 m (b)和1000 m (c) 注：红色圆点表示对应的趋势通过0.05显著性检验。

Fig. 6 EDW of the monthly average Tmax in different latitude bands across China for the period of 1961-2021, with elevation intervals of 200 m (a), 500 m (b), and 1000 m (c). (Red dot indicates trend significant at the 0.05 level)

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