Why the public has insufficient trust in scientific conclusions on climate change

doi:10.12006/j.issn.1673-1719.2021.153

Abstract

Abstract:

The research attempts to provide a comprehensive and systematic analysis of recent progress in the field of climate communication, with the purpose of explaining why the public lacks trust in climate science. The research first presents a picture of recent work on public climate perceptions and the social, political, and economic factors behind. It then analyzes the work on media coverage of climate change and related media effects in various countries. Furthermore, the research puts emphasis on analyzing social and psychological factors that affect public climate perceptions and attitudes. On the basis of the literature analysis, this study points out that the global climate communication research has important implications for the development of Chinese climate communication research, and China’s specific national conditions will provide a wealth of opportunities for theoretical development and practical application of Chinese climate communication. Chinese climate communication scholars should pay special attention to the multi-dimensional factors of Chinese public climate attitudes, so as to adopt diversified communication strategies to encourage the public to consciously participate in climate-friendly practices.

Key words: Climate science, Climate communication, Public climate perception, Dual Carbon goals, Climate ambition

PAN Ye-Heng, YAN Juan, XIE Yu, JIA He-Peng. Why the public has insufficient trust in scientific conclusions on climate change[J]. Climate Change Research, 2022, 18(1): 97-109.

Figures/Tables 1

References 115

[1]	IPCC. Climate change 2021: the physical science basis [M]. 2021 [2021-08-10]. https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg1/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_WGI_Full_Report.pdf
[2]	IPCC. Climate change 2014: synthesis report [M]. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2014
[3]	Roser-Renouf C, Maibach E, Leiserowitz A, et al. Global warming’s six Americas and the election [EB/OL]. 2016 [2021-06-20]. http://climatecommunication.yale.edu/publications/six-americas-2016-election
[4]	中国气候传播项目中心. 中国公众气候变化与气候传播认知状况调研报告2017 [EB/OL]. 2017 [2021-06-20]. https://www.efchina.org/Attachments/Report/report-comms-20171108/中国公众气候认知调研2017.pdf.
	China Center for Climate Change Communication. Climate change in the Chinese mind survey report 2017 [EB/OL]. 2017 [2021-06-20]. https://www.efchina.org/Attachments/Report/report-comms-20171108/Climate_Change_in_the_Chinese_Mind_2017.pdf/view (in Chinese)
[5]	Stokes B, Wike R, Carle J. Global concern about climate change, broad support for limiting emissions [R]. Washington, DC: Pew Research Center, 2015
[6]	Moser S C. Communicating climate change: history, challenges, process and future directions[J]. Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Climate Change, 2010, 1(1): 31-53 doi: 10.1002/wcc.v1:1 URL
[7]	Moser S C. Reflections on climate change communication research and practice in the second decade of the 21st century: what more is there to say?[J]. Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Climate Change, 2016, 7(3): 345-369 doi: 10.1002/wcc.2016.7.issue-3 URL
[8]	秦大河. 序言[M]//贾鹤鹏, 张志安. 全球议题的专业化报道: 气候变化新闻实务读本. 广州: 南方日报出版社, 2011: 1-2.
	Qin D H. Preface [M]//Jia H P, Zhang Z A. Professional reporting on global issues: a practical reader for climate change journalism. Guangzhou: Nanfang Daily Press, 2011: 1-2(in Chinese)
[9]	王彬彬, 顾秋宇. 中国公众气候认知与消费意愿的关系研究[J]. 中国人口∙资源与环境, 2019, 29(9): 41-50.
	Wang B B, Gu Q Y. Relationship study between Chinese public climate perception and consuming willingness[J]. China Population, Resources and Environment, 2019, 29(9): 41-50 (in Chinese)
[10]	郑保卫. 中国气候传播研究的机遇与挑战[J]. 新闻研究导刊, 2019 (11): 9-12.
	Zheng B W. Opportunities and challenges of climate communication research in China[J]. Journal of News Research, 2019 (11): 9-12 (in Chinese)
[11]	Dietz T, Shwom R L, Whitley C T. Climate change and society[J]. Annual Review of Sociology, 2020, 46(1): 135-158 doi: 10.1146/soc.2020.46.issue-1 URL
[12]	Bliuc A M, McGarty C, Thomas E F, et al. Public division about climate change rooted in conflicting socio-political identities[J]. Nature Climate Change, 2015, 5(3): 226-229 doi: 10.1038/nclimate2507 URL
[13]	Capstick S, Whitmarsh L, Poortinga W, et al. International trends in public perceptions of climate change over the past quarter century[J]. Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Climate Change, 2015, 6(1): 35-61 doi: 10.1002/wcc.2015.6.issue-1 URL
[14]	Nerlich B, Koteyko N, Brown B. Theory and language of climate change communication[J]. Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Climate Change, 2010, 1(1): 97-110 doi: 10.1002/wcc.v1:1 URL
[15]	郑保卫, 李玉洁. 论气候变化与气候传播[J]. 国际新闻界, 2011 (11): 56-62.
	Zheng B W, Li Y J. Research on climate change and climate change communication[J]. Chinese Journal of Journalism & Communication, 2011 (11): 56-62 (in Chinese)
[16]	Kvaløy B, Finseraas H, Listhaug O. The publics’ concern for global warming: a cross-national study of 47 countries[J]. Journal of Peace Research, 2012, 49(1): 11-22 doi: 10.1177/0022343311425841 URL
[17]	Eurobarometer. Eurobarometer 409: climate change. European commission [EB/OL]. 2014 2021-07-29. https://europa.eu/eurobarometer/api/deliverable/download/file?deliverableId=40929
[18]	Pidgeon N. Public understanding of, and attitudes to, climate change: UK and international perspectives and policy[J]. Climate Policy, 2012, 1(12): 85-106 doi: 10.3763/cpol.2001.0108 URL
[19]	Leiserowitz A, Maibach E, Roser-Renouf C, et al. Climate change in the American mind April 2014 [R]. New Haven: CT: Yale Project on Climate Change Communication, Yale University, 2014
[20]	郑保卫, 杨柳. 从中外纸媒气候传播对比看我国媒体气候传播的功能与策略: 以《人民日报》《纽约时报》《卫报》为例[J]. 当代传播, 2019 (6): 23-28.
	Zheng B W, Yang L. Function and strategy of Chinese media’s climate communication seen from the comparison of climate communication in Chinese and foreign paper media: taking People’s Daily, the New York Times and the Guardian as examples[J]. Contemporary Communication, 2019 (6): 23-28 (in Chinese)
[21]	李玉洁. 我国城乡公众气候变化认知差异分析及传播策略的建构: 基于4169位公众调查的实证研究[J]. 东岳论丛, 2013, 34(10): 39-47.
	Li Y J. An analysis of the differences between Chinese urban and rural public perceptions of climate change and the construction of communication strategies: an empirical study based on a survey of 4169 people[J]. Dongyue Tribune, 2013, 34(10): 39-47 (in Chinese)
[22]	Mccright A M, Dunlap R E. The politicization of climate change and polarization in the American public’s views of global warming, 2001-2010[J]. Sociological Quarterly, 2011, 52(2): 155-194 doi: 10.1111/j.1533-8525.2011.01198.x URL
[23]	Bliuc A M, McGarty C, Thomas E F, et al. Public division about climate change rooted in conflicting socio-political identities[J]. Nature Climate Change, 2015, 5(3): 226-229 doi: 10.1038/nclimate2507 URL
[24]	McCright A M, Dunlap R E. Cool dudes: the denial of climate change among conservative white males in the United States[J]. Global Environmental Change, 2011, 21(4): 1163-1172 doi: 10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2011.06.003 URL
[25]	Mccright A M, Xiao C, Dunlap R E. Political polarization on support for government spending on environmental protection in the USA, 1974-2012[J]. Social Science Research, 2014 (48): 251-260
[26]	Dunlap R E, McCright A M. A widening gap: republican and democratic views on climate change[J]. Environment: Science and Policy for Sustainable Development, 2008, 50(5): 26-35 doi: 10.3200/ENVT.50.5.26-35 URL
[27]	Poortinga W, Spence A, Whitmarsh L, et al. Uncertain climate: an investigation into public scepticism about anthropogenic climate change[J]. Global Environmental Change, 2011, 21(3): 1015-1024 doi: 10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2011.03.001 URL
[28]	Eurobarometer. Europeans attitudes towards climate change (Special Eurobarometer 332)[EB/OL]. 2009 2021-07-30. https://europa.eu/eurobarometer/surveys/detail/703
[29]	Eurobarometer. Climate change (Special Eurobarometer 513)[EB/OL]. 2021 2021-08-02. https://europa.eu/eurobarometer/surveys/detail/2273
[30]	Nisbet M C. The polls: trends twenty years of public opinion about global warming[J]. Public Opinion Quarterly, 2007, 71(3): 444-470 doi: 10.1093/poq/nfm031 URL
[31]	Sampei Y, Aoyagi-Usui M. Mass-media coverage, its influence on public awareness of climate-change issues, and implications for Japan’s national campaign to reduce greenhouse gas emissions[J]. Global Environmental Change, 2009, 19(2): 203-212 doi: 10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2008.10.005 URL
[32]	Leiserowitz A, Maibach E W, Roser-Renouf C, et al. Climategate, public opinion, and the loss of trust[J]. American Behavioral Scientist, 2013, 57(6): 818-837 doi: 10.1177/0002764212458272 URL
[33]	Maibach E, Leiserowitz A, Cobb S, et al. The legacy of climategate: undermining or revitalizing climate science and policy?[J]. Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Climate Change, 2012, 3(3): 289-295 doi: 10.1002/wcc.v3.3 URL
[34]	Lorenzoni I, Nicholson-Cole S, Whitmarsh L. Barriers perceived to engaging with climate change among the UK public and their policy implications[J]. Global Environmental Change, 2007, 17(3): 445-459 doi: 10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2007.01.004 URL
[35]	Moser S C. Communicating climate change: history, challenges, process and future directions[J]. Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Climate Change, 2010, 1(1): 31-53 doi: 10.1002/wcc.v1:1 URL
[36]	Zehr S C. Scientists’ representations of uncertainty[M]// Friedman S M, Dunwoody S, Rogers C L. Communicating uncertainty: media coverage of new and controversial science. London & New York: Routledge, 1999: 3-21
[37]	Shackley S, Wynne B. Representing uncertainty in global climate change science and policy: boundary-ordering devices and authority[J]. Science, Technology & Human Values, 1996, 21(3): 275-302
[38]	Zehr S C. Public representations of scientific uncertainty about global climate change[J]. Public Understanding of Science, 2000, 9(2): 85-103 doi: 10.1088/0963-6625/9/2/301 URL
[39]	Landström C, Hauxwell-Baldwin R, Lorenzoni I, et al. The (mis) understanding of scientific uncertainty? How experts view policy-makers, the media and publics[J]. Science as Culture, 2015, 24(3): 276-298 doi: 10.1080/09505431.2014.992333 URL
[40]	McCright A M, Dunlap R E. Challenging global warming as a social problem: an analysis of the conservative movement’s counter-claims[J]. Social Problems, 2001, 47(4): 499-522 doi: 10.2307/3097132 URL
[41]	McCright A M, Dunlap R E. Defeating Kyoto: the conservative movement’s impact on U.S. climate change policy[J]. Social Problems, 2003, 50(3): 348-373 doi: 10.1525/sp.2003.50.3.348 URL
[42]	徐红, 祁丽萍, 赵华. 低碳试点城市政府对公众气候传播中存在的问题及对策: 以深圳、镇江、苏州、厦门、青岛为例[J]. 文化与传播, 2020, 9(3): 44-51.
	Xu H, Qi L P, Zhao H. Problems and countermeasures in the public climate communication of low-carbon pilot cities: a case study of Shenzhen, Zhenjiang, Suzhou, Xiamen and Qingdao[J]. Culture & Communication, 2020, 9(3): 44-51 (in Chinese)
[43]	Oreskes N, Conway E M. Merchants of doubt [M]. London and New York: Bloomsbury Press, 2010
[44]	Mooney C C. The republican war on science[M]. New York: Basic Books, 2005
[45]	Gauchat G. Politicization of science in the public sphere: a study of public trust in the United States, 1974 to 2010[J]. American Sociological Review, 2012, 77(2): 167-187 doi: 10.1177/0003122412438225 URL
[46]	Scruggs L, Benegal S. Declining public concern about climate change: can we blame the great recession?[J]. Global Environmental Change, 2012, 22(2): 505-515 doi: 10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2012.01.002 URL
[47]	陈丽娟, 祁丽萍. 国家形象建构视域下气候传播的困境与对策[J]. 青年记者, 2019 (6): 37-38.
	Chen L J, Qi L P. The dilemma and countermeasures of climate communication from the perspective of national image construction[J]. Youth Journalist, 2019 (6): 37-38 (in Chinese)
[48]	Wilson K M, Wilson K M. Drought, debate, and uncertainty: measuring reporters’ knowledge and ignorance about climate change[J]. Public Understanding of Science, 2000, 9(1): 1-13 doi: 10.1088/0963-6625/9/1/301 URL
[49]	李玉洁. 信源、渠道、内容: 基于调查的中国公众气候传播策略研究[J]. 国际新闻界, 2013 (8): 67-83.
	Li Y J. Resources, channels, content: strategies of climate change communication based on the Chinese public survey[J]. Chinese Journal of Journalism & Communication, 2013 (8): 67-83 (in Chinese)
[50]	Liu X, Vedlitz A, Alston L. Regional news portrayals of global warming and climate change[J]. Environmental Science & Policy, 2008, 11(5): 379-393
[51]	Schmidt A, Ivanova A, Schafer M S. Media attention for climate change around the world: a comparative analysis of newspaper coverage in 27 countries[J]. Global Environmental Change: Human and Policy Dimensions, 2013, 23(5): 1233-1248 doi: 10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2013.07.020 URL
[52]	Harbinson R. Whatever the weather: media attitudes to reporting climate change[M]. London: Panos, 2006
[53]	Ivanova A, Schäfer M S, Schlichting I, et al. Is there a medialization of climate science? Results from a survey of German climate scientists[J]. Science Communication, 2013, 35(5): 626-653 doi: 10.1177/1075547012475226 URL
[54]	Tosse S E. Aiming for social or political robustness? Media strategies among climate scientists[J]. Science Communication, 2013, 35(1): 32-55 doi: 10.1177/1075547012438465 URL
[55]	Boykoff M T. The cultural politics of climate change discourse in UK tabloids[J]. Political Geography, 2008, 27(5): 549-569 doi: 10.1016/j.polgeo.2008.05.002 URL
[56]	Corbett J B, Durfee J L. Testing public (UN) certainty of science media representations of global warming[J]. Science Communication, 2004, 26(2): 129-151 doi: 10.1177/1075547004270234 URL
[57]	Nisbet M C, Lewenstein B V. Biotechnology and the American media the policy process and the Elite press, 1970 to 1999[J]. Science Communication, 2002, 23(4): 359-391 doi: 10.1177/107554700202300401 URL
[58]	Semetko H A, Valkenburg P M. Framing European politics: a content analysis of press and television news[J]. Journal of Communication, 2010, 50(2): 93-109
[59]	Nisbet M C. Communicating climate change: why frames matter for public engagement[J]. Environment: Science and Policy for Sustainable Development, 2009, 50(2): 12-23 doi: 10.3200/ENVT.50.5.12-25 URL
[60]	Nisbet M C, Scheufele D A. What’s next for science communication? Promising directions and lingering distractions[J]. American Journal of Botany, 2009, 10(96): 1767-1778
[61]	Boykoff M T. Public enemy NO.1? Understanding media representations of outlier views on climate change[J]. American Behavioral Scientist, 2013, 57(6): 796-817 doi: 10.1177/0002764213476846 URL
[62]	Boykoff M T, Boykoff J M. Balance as bias: global warming and the US prestige press[J]. Global Environmental Change, 2004, 14(2): 125-136 doi: 10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2003.10.001 URL
[63]	Antilla L. Climate of scepticism: US newspaper coverage of the science of climate change[J]. Global Environmental Change, 2005, 15(4): 338-352 doi: 10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2005.08.003 URL
[64]	Antilla L. Self-censorship and science: a geographical review of media coverage of climate tipping points[J]. Public Understanding of Science, 2010, 19(2): 240-256 doi: 10.1177/0963662508094099 URL
[65]	Good J E. The framing of climate change in Canadian, American, and international newspapers: a media propaganda model analysis[J]. Canadian Journal of Communication, 2008, 33(2): 233-255
[66]	Hart P S, Feldman L. Threat without efficacy? Climate change on U.S. network news[J]. Science Communication, 2014, 36(3): 325-351 doi: 10.1177/1075547013520239 URL
[67]	Feldman L, Maibach E W, Roser-Renouf C, et al. Climate on cable: the nature and impact of global warming coverage on Fox News, CNN, and MSNBC [J]. International Journal of Press/Politics, 2011, 17(1): 1
[68]	Grundmann R, Scott M. Disputed climate science in the media: do countries matter?[J]. Public Understand of Science, 2014, 23(2): 220-235 doi: 10.1177/0963662512467732 URL
[69]	贾鹤鹏. 全球变暖、科学传播与公众参与: 气候变化科技在中国的传播分析[J]. 科普研究, 2007 (3): 39-45.
	Jia H P. Global warming, science communication and public engagement: analysis of S&T communication of climate change in China[J]. Studies on Science Popularization, 2007 (3): 39-45 (in Chinese)
[70]	李静. 谁的责任: 中国媒体气候变化的责任归属话语研究: 基于《人民日报》和《南方都市报》(2010—2018)的气候报道分析[J]. 中国地质大学学报: 社会科学版, 2019, 19(5): 116-125.
	Li J. Whose responsibility: discourses of responsibility attribution in Chinese media reporting on climate change: analyzing coverage of climate change in People’s Daily and Southern Metropolis Daily from 2010 to 2018[J]. Journal of China University of Geosciences: Social Sciences Edition, 2019, 19(5): 116-125 (in Chinese)
[71]	Pan Y, Michaël O, van Gorp Baldwin. Toward an interwoven community of practice: how do NGOs work with Chinese journalists on reporting climate change?[J]. International Journal of Communication, 2020 (14): 216199-216219
[72]	Schroeder M. The construction of China’s climate politics: transnational NGOs and the spiral model of international relations[J]. Cambridge Review of International Affairs, 2008, 21(4): 505-525 doi: 10.1080/09557570802452821 URL
[73]	Jay D Hmielowski, Lauren F, Teresa A, et al. An attack on science? Media use, trust in scientists, and perceptions of global warming[J]. Public Understanding of Science, 2013, 23(7): 866-883 doi: 10.1177/0963662513480091 URL
[74]	Ding D, Maibach E W, Zhao X, et al. Support for climate policy and societal action are linked to perceptions about scientific agreement[J]. Nature Climate Change, 2011, 1(9): 462-466 doi: 10.1038/nclimate1295 URL
[75]	Norgaard K M. “People want to protect themselves a little bit”: emotions, denial, and social movement nonparticipation[J]. Sociological Inquiry, 2006, 76(3): 372-396 doi: 10.1111/soin.2006.76.issue-3 URL
[76]	邱鸿峰. 激发应对效能与自我效能: 公众适应气候变化的风险传播治理[J]. 国际新闻界, 2016, 38(5): 88-103.
	Qiu H F. Inspiring response efficacy and self-efficacy: the governance of risk communication for the public adaptation to climate change[J]. Chinese Journal of Journalism & Communication, 2016, 38(5): 88-103 (in Chinese)
[77]	Miller J D. A conceptual and empirical review[J]. Daedalus, 1983, 112(2): 29-48
[78]	He G, Mol A P, Zhang L, et al. Nuclear power in China after Fukushima: understanding public knowledge, attitudes, and trust[J]. Journal of Risk Research, 2014, 17(4): 435-451 doi: 10.1080/13669877.2012.726251 URL
[79]	Milfont T L. The interplay between knowledge, perceived efficacy, and concern about global warming and climate change: a one-year longitudinal study[J]. Risk Analysis, 2012, 32(6): 1003-1020 doi: 10.1111/j.1539-6924.2012.01800.x URL
[80]	Zia A, Todd A M. Evaluating the effects of ideology on public understanding of climate change science: how to improve communication across ideological divides?[J]. Public Understanding of Science, 2010, 19(6): 743 doi: 10.1177/0963662509357871 URL
[81]	Malka A, Krosnick J A, Langer G. The association of knowledge with concern about global warming: trusted information sources shape public thinking[J]. Risk Analysis, 2010, 29(5): 633-647 doi: 10.1111/risk.2009.29.issue-5 URL
[82]	Finucane M L, Slovic P, Mertz C K, et al. Gender, race, and perceived risk: the “white male” effect[J]. Health Risk & Society, 2000, 2(2): 159-172
[83]	Palmer C. Risk perception: another look at the “white male” effect[J]. Health Risk & Society, 2010, 5(1): 71-83
[84]	Lu H, Schuldt J P. Exploring the role of incidental emotions in support for climate change policy[J]. Climatic Change, 2015, 131(4): 719-726 doi: 10.1007/s10584-015-1443-x URL
[85]	Lu H. The effects of emotional appeals and gain versus loss framing in communicating sea star wasting disease[J]. Science Communication, 2016, 38(2): 143-169 doi: 10.1177/1075547015619173 URL
[86]	Lu H, Schuldt J P. Compassion for climate change victims and support for mitigation policy[J]. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 2016, 45:192-200 doi: 10.1016/j.jenvp.2016.01.007 URL
[87]	Li Y, Johnson E J, Zaval L. Local warming: daily temperature change influences belief in global warming[J]. Social Science Electronic Publishing, 2011, 22(4): 454-459
[88]	Leiserowitz A, Maibach E W, Roser-Renouf C, et al. Extreme weather and climate change in the American mind, April 2013 [R/OL]. 2015 [2021-08-02].https://ssrn.com/abstract=2292599
[89]	Zaval L, Keenan E A, Johnson E J, et al. How warm days increase belief in global warming[J]. Nature Climate Change, 2014, 4(2): 143-147 doi: 10.1038/nclimate2093 URL
[90]	Capstick S B, Pidgeon N F. Public perception of cold weather events as evidence for and against climate change[J]. Climatic Change, 2014, 122(4): 695-708 doi: 10.1007/s10584-013-1003-1 URL
[91]	van der Linden S. The social-psychological determinants of climate change risk perceptions: towards a comprehensive model[J]. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 2015, 41:112-124 doi: 10.1016/j.jenvp.2014.11.012 URL
[92]	Gueguen N. Dead indoor plants strengthen belief in global warming[J]. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 2012, 32(2): 173-177 doi: 10.1016/j.jenvp.2011.12.002 URL
[93]	Joireman J, Truelove H B, Duell B. Effect of outdoor temperature, heat primes and anchoring on belief in global warming[J]. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 2010, 30(4): 358-367 doi: 10.1016/j.jenvp.2010.03.004 URL
[94]	Whitmarsh L. What’s in a name? Commonalities and differences in public understanding of “climate change” and “global warming”[J]. Public Understanding of Science, 2009, 18(4): 401-420 doi: 10.1177/0963662506073088 URL
[95]	Motel S. Polls show most Americans believe in climate change, but give it low priority [EB/OL]. 2017 [2021-01-01]. http://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2014/09/23/most-americans-believe-in-climate-change-but-give-it-low-priority
[96]	Schuldt J P, Konrath S H, Schwarz N. “Global Warming” or “Climate Change”? Whether the planet is warming depends on question wording[J]. Public Opinion Quarterly, 2011, 75(1): 115-124 doi: 10.1093/poq/nfq073 URL
[97]	Schuldt J P, Roh S. Media frames and cognitive accessibility: what do “Global Warming” and “Climate Change” evoke in partisan minds?[J]. Environmental Communication, 2014, 8(4): 529-548 doi: 10.1080/17524032.2014.909510 URL
[98]	Schuldt J P, Roh S. Of accessibility and applicability: how heat-related cues affect belief in “Global Warming” versus “Climate Change”[J]. Social Cognition, 2014, 32(3): 217 doi: 10.1521/soco.2014.32.3.217 URL
[99]	Mo J, Hart S. Polarized frames on “climate change” and “global warming” across countries and states: evidence from Twitter big data[J]. Global Environmental Change, 2015, 32:11-17 doi: 10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2015.02.010 URL
[100]	Myers T A, Maibach E W, Roser-Renouf C, et al. The relationship between personal experience and belief in the reality of global warming[J]. Nature Climate Change, 2013, 3(4): 343-347 doi: 10.1038/nclimate1754 URL
[101]	Lupia A. Communicating science in politicized environments[J]. PNAS, 2013, 110(3): 14048-14054. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1212726110 URL
[102]	Dan M K, Jenkins-Smith H, Braman D. Cultural cognition of scientific consensus[J]. Journal of Risk Research, 2011, 14(1-2): 147-174 doi: 10.1080/13669877.2010.511246 URL
[103]	Kerrie L, Unsworth, Kelly S F. It’s political: how the salience of one’s political identity changes climate change beliefs and policy support[J]. Global Environmental Change, 2014 (27): 131-137
[104]	Allcott H, Boxell L, Conway J C, et al. Polarization and public health: partisan differences in social distancing during the coronavirus pandemic[J]. NBER Working Papers, 2020: 104254
[105]	Newman T P, Nisbet E C, Nisbet M C. Climate change, cultural cognition, and media effects: worldviews drive news selectivity, biased processing, and polarized attitudes[J]. Public Understanding of Science, 2018, 27(8): 985-1002 doi: 10.1177/0963662518801170 pmid: 30253695
[106]	Pasek J. It’s not my consensus: motivated reasoning and the sources of scientific illiteracy[J]. Public Understanding of Science, 2017: 096366251773368
[107]	Johnson B B. “Counting votes” in public responses to scientific disputes[J]. Public Understanding of Science, 2018, 27(5): 594-610 doi: 10.1177/0963662517706451 URL
[108]	Dixon G, Hubner A. Neutralizing the effect of political worldviews by communicating scientific agreement: a thought-listing study[J]. Science Communication, 2018, 40(3): 393-415 doi: 10.1177/1075547018769907 URL
[109]	Matthew M. The enduring effect of scientific interest on trust in climate scientists in the United States[J]. Nature Climate Change, 2018, 8(6). DOI: 10.1038/s41558-018-0126-9 doi: 10.1038/s41558-018-0126-9
[110]	Schlosberg D, Collins L B. From environmental to climate justice: climate change and the discourse of environmental justice[J]. Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Climate Change, 2014, 5(3): 359-374 doi: 10.1002/wcc.2014.5.issue-3 URL
[111]	Jia H P, Liu L. Unbalanced progress: the hard road from science popularisation to public engagement with science in China[J]. Public Understanding of Science, 2014, 23(1): 32-37 doi: 10.1177/0963662513476404 URL
[112]	贾鹤鹏, 张志安. 全球议题的专业化报道: 气候变化新闻实务读本 [M]. 广州: 南方日报出版社, 2011.
	Jia H P, Zhang Z A. Professional reporting on global issues: a practical reader for climate change journalism [M]. Guangzhou: Nanfang Daily Press, 2011 (in Chinese)
[113]	郑保卫. 让气候传播真正形成大气候: 《中国气候传播十年》序言[J]. 文化与传播, 2020 (9): 7-9.
	Zheng B W. Making climate communication turly big: preface to a decade of climate communication in China[J]. Culture & Communication, 2020 (9): 7-9 (in Chinese)
[114]	Li J. Does the Chinese public care about climate change?[EB/OL]. 2018 2021-07-10. https://www.chinadialogue.net/article/show/single/en/10831-Does-the-Chinese-public-care-about-climate-change
[115]	贾鹤鹏. 政治极化对气候变化态度与健康行为的影响: 从西方到中国[C]. 北京: 中国气候传播研究十年暨 2020 年气候与健康传播研讨会, 2020.
	Jia H P. The impact of political polarisation on climate change attitudes and health behavior: from the West to China[C]. Beijing: Climate and Health Communication Workshop 2020, 2020(in Chinese)