不同类型冷却屋顶方案对城市群热环境的缓解效果

doi:10.12006/j.issn.1673-1719.2020.163

气候变化研究进展 ›› 2021, Vol. 17 ›› Issue (1): 45-57.doi: 10.12006/j.issn.1673-1719.2020.163

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不同类型冷却屋顶方案对城市群热环境的缓解效果

张弥¹(), 马红云¹(), 林卉娇¹, 李海俊², 王莹¹

1 南京信息工程大学气象灾害预报预警与评估协同创新中心/气象灾害教育部重点实验室/大气科学学院气候与应用前沿研究院（ICAR）,南京 210044
2 江西省气象局,南昌 330000

收稿日期:2020-07-30 修回日期:2020-09-30 出版日期:2021-01-30 发布日期:2021-02-04
通讯作者: 马红云
作者简介:张弥,女,硕士研究生, 2374078862@qq.com
基金资助:
国家重点研发计划项目“工业革命以来年代际气候变化的全球格局及归因”(2016YFA0600402)

Mitigation effect of different cool roof schemes on thermal environment of urban agglomeration

ZHANG Mi¹(), MA Hong-Yun¹(), LIN Hui-Jiao¹, LI Hai-Jun², WANG Ying¹

1 Collaborative Innovation Center on Forecast and Evaluation of Meteorological Disasters (CIC-FEMD) / Key Laboratory of Meteorological Disaster, Ministry of Education (KLME) / Institute for Climate and Application Research (ICAR), Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
2 Jiangxi Meteorological Bureau, Nanchang 330000, China

Received:2020-07-30 Revised:2020-09-30 Online:2021-01-30 Published:2021-02-04
Contact: MA Hong-Yun

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

利用耦合单层城市冠层模型的中尺度数值模式WRF/UCM,选取8组不同反照率和绿化比例的屋顶冷却方案进行敏感性试验,模拟研究不同冷却屋顶方案对长三角城市群2013年夏季城市热环境的影响,并分析其影响机制。结果表明：不同冷却屋顶方案对城市群热环境的缓解效果与屋顶参数之间呈很强的线性关系。高温热浪天气下,HR4（反照率为1.0）和GR4（屋顶绿化率为100%）方案的制冷度日数分别降低了14.7%和10.9%,节约的能源比普通夏日更多。同时,高温热浪天气会增强热岛强度,高反照率屋顶方案在白天对热岛起到更有效的缓解,热浪天气下日平均热岛强度最大可降低1.36℃。相同方案下,在高温热浪天气下的缓解效果均胜于普通夏日,平均而言,高反照率屋顶和屋顶绿化的降温效果分别增大38.5%和34.9%,增湿效果分别增大29.5%和21.9%,这主要是由于在高温热浪天气下,高反照率屋顶方案能够减少更多的净辐射通量,屋顶绿化方案能够释放更多的潜热通量。此外,城市格点密集区域的降温效果优于分散的城市区域,处于城市群中的常州区域较单独的杭州区域的降温幅度平均高32%。

关键词: 高温热浪, 冷却屋顶, 热岛效应, 缓解效果

Abstract:

In this paper, a mesoscale numerical model coupled with a single-layer urban canopy model (WRF/UCM) was used to conduct sensitivity tests on eight roof cooling schemes with different albedo and greening ratio to simulate the impact of different cooling roof schemes on the urban thermal environment of Yangtze River Delta urban agglomeration in summer of 2013, and the influence mechanism was also analyzed. The results show that: there is a strong linear relationship between the mitigation effect of different cooling roof schemes on urban agglomeration thermal environment and the roof parameters, and the mitigation effect on heat-wave is better than that on normal summer under the same scheme. During heat wave, the cooling degree days of HR4 (albedo of 1.0) and GR4 (green fraction of 100%) are reduced by 14.7% and 10.9%, respectively, which saves more energy than normal summer. Heat-wave can enhance the intensity of heat island, and the high albedo roof scheme can reduce the heat island by 1.36℃ in the daytime. On average, the cooling effect of high albedo roof and roof greening increased by 38.5% and 34.9%, respectively, and the humidification effect increased by 29.5% and 21.9%, respectively. This is mainly because the former can reduce more net radiation flux in heat wave, and the latter can release more latent heat flux in heat wave. In addition, the cooling effect of dense urban grid areas is better than that of scattered urban areas. The average cooling range of Changzhou area in urban agglomeration is 32% higher than that of Hangzhou area.

Key words: Heat wave, Cool roof, Urban heat island, Mitigation effect

张弥, 马红云, 林卉娇, 李海俊, 王莹. 不同类型冷却屋顶方案对城市群热环境的缓解效果[J]. 气候变化研究进展, 2021, 17(1): 45-57.

ZHANG Mi, MA Hong-Yun, LIN Hui-Jiao, LI Hai-Jun, WANG Ying. Mitigation effect of different cool roof schemes on thermal environment of urban agglomeration[J]. Climate Change Research, 2021, 17(1): 45-57.

图/表 8

图1 WRF模拟的双重嵌套设置(a)和研究区域下垫面的土地覆盖类型(b) 注：黑色圆点代表30个观测站点的位置,CZ代表常州城区的位置,HZ代表杭州城区的位置。

Fig. 1 WRF simulation of double nested settings (a) and land cover type (b) of underlying surface in the study area (Black dots represent the locations of 30 observation stations, CZ represents the location of Changzhou city area, HZ represents the location of Hangzhou city area)

表1 试验方案和屋顶参数设置

Table 1 Test scheme and roof parameter setting

图2 对照试验2 m平均气温、最高气温和相对湿度的逐日模拟值（CTRL）与观测值（OBS）对比注：阴影部分为选取的高温热浪时段。

Fig. 2 Comparison of simulated values (CTRL) with observed values (OBS), including daily mean temperature (a), maximum temperature (b), and relative humidity (c) (The shadow parts are the selected heat-wave periods)

图3 不同比例冷却屋顶的最低气温、平均气温、最高气温和相对湿度与对照试验的差值

Fig. 3 Difference between the minimum (a, b), mean (c, d), maximum (e, f) temperature and relative humidity (g, h) of different proportion cooling roof and the control test

图4 不同冷却屋顶方案与对照试验热岛强度的平均日变化

Fig. 4 Average diurnal variation of heat island intensity (UHI) of different cooling roof schemes and control test (CTRL)

图5 HR3和GR4与对照试验（CTRL）的平均气温差值

Fig. 5 Average temperature difference between HR3, GR4 and control test (CTRL)

表2 常州与杭州的降温增湿效果比较

Table 2 Comparison of cooling and humidification effect between Changzhou and Hangzhou city

图6 HR3、GR4和对照试验（CTRL）的城市地表能量平衡的平均日变化

Fig. 6 Average daily variation of urban surface energy balance in HR3, GR4 and control test (CTRL)

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不同类型冷却屋顶方案对城市群热环境的缓解效果

Mitigation effect of different cool roof schemes on thermal environment of urban agglomeration

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