石油与天然气生产过程甲烷逃逸排放检测与核算研究现状及建议

doi:10.12006/j.issn.1673-1719.2018.118

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

甲烷作为油气生产中的主要气态污染物和增温潜势较强的一类温室气体,其逃逸排放检测与核算是中国油气行业温室气体控制与减排过程中的首要问题。通过比较国内外油气行业逃逸甲烷排放核算方法,以及总结当前国内外油气田现场开展的甲烷排放检测研究,对油气行业企业级温室气体清单编制提出了建议。在甲烷逃逸排放核算方面,由于生产过程、工艺等出现的变化,建议加快建立符合我国油气生产实际情况的排放因子,纳入放空气燃烧的周期变化、绿色完井措施使用、陆上/海上油气生产等内容,鼓励油气生产企业通过设备组件统计、现场实测等方式进行排放因子更新。针对逃逸甲烷现场检测数据不足,影响核算结果对比的现状,在开展油气生产过程现场检测时,建议自下而上与自上而下检测方法相结合,保证检测结果的可验证性、可重复性,并谨慎看待针对部分油气生产区块的检测结果进行大尺度区域甲烷逃逸排放量的推算结果。

关键词: 甲烷排放, 泄漏检测, 石油与天然气生产, 温室气体清单

Abstract:

As a potent greenhouse gas with high global warming potential, methane emission measurement and inventory are the major challenges for the oil and gas industry in China to achieve greenhouse gas emission control and reduction. In this paper, recommendations on greenhouse gas inventory were raised based on the comparison among various inventory methods worldwide, and the methane emission studies during oil and gas production. Suggestions were made to improve the greenhouse gas inventory based on the status quo of the oil and gas production in China. For fugitive methane emission, it is recommended to update the emission factor embracing the change in oil and gas production process, such as reduced flaring period, application of green well completion, and distinguish between onshore and offshore production, etc., and encourage oil and gas companies to update the methane emission factors based on component level calculations or actual measurements. Both top-down and bottom-up methods are encouraged during methane emission measurements so as to make the measurements verifiable and repeatable. It should be cautious to extrapolate the local-based measurements to regional or national levels.

Key words: Methane emission, Leakage measurement, Oil and gas production, Greenhouse gas inventory

薛明,翁艺斌,刘光全,李兴春,李湘,于胜民,崔翔宇,宋磊. 石油与天然气生产过程甲烷逃逸排放检测与核算研究现状及建议[J]. 气候变化研究进展, 2019, 15(2): 187-196.

Ming XUE,Yi-Bin WENG,Guang-Quan LIU,Xing-Chun LI,Xiang LI,Sheng-Min YU,Xiang-Yu CUI,Lei SONG. Current status on fugitive methane emission measurements and inventory during oil and gas production[J]. Climate Change Research, 2019, 15(2): 187-196.

图/表 2

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序号	现场检测区块	样本数量	检测方法	来源
1	美国4个油气生产区	150个生产井场	自下而上：设备组件检测	[16]
2	美国Barnett页岩气生产区	18个生产井场	自上而下：车载检测	[17]
3	美国Barnett页岩气生产区	200个生产井	自上而下：车载检测	[18]
4	美国Barnett页岩气生产区	125个生产井	自上而下：车载检测	[19]
5	美国Barnett页岩气生产区		自上而下：飞行检测	[20]
6	美国Haynesville与Marcellus油气区		自上而下：飞行搭载检测器检测	[21]
7	美国Wyoming油气生产区		自上而下：车载检测、示踪剂下风向检测	[22]
8	美国Ohio,Utah,Colorado油气生产区	138个废弃井	自下而上：部件检测	[23]
9	澳大利亚Surat,NSW煤层气生产区	50个生产井,2个废弃井	自上而下：车载断面检测、示踪剂下风向检测;自下而上：组件泄漏检测	[24]
10	美国Bakken页岩气区		自上而下：示踪剂下风向检测	[25]
11	美国Marcellus油气生产区	35个生产井场(107个单井)	自上而下：示踪剂下风向检测	[26]
12	美国Pensyvania油气生产区	163个废弃井	自下而上：静态箱通量检测法	[27]
13	美国Pensyvania油气生产区	94个废弃井	自下而上：静态箱通量检测法	[28]
14	美国Bakken,Wyoming等7个油气盆地	>8000个生产井	自上而下：直升机搭载检测器	[29]
15	加拿大Alberta油气生产区	5303个生产井	自上而下：飞机搭载检测器检测	[30]
16	美国4个油气生产区	65个生产井场	自下而上：气动阀门检测	[31]
17	美国4个油气生产区	65个生产井场	自下而上：井口排液过程检测	[32]
18	美国Eagle Ford油气生产区	5个生产井场	自上而下：飞机搭载检测器	[33]
19	美国Pennsylvania与Virginia油气生产区		自上而下：飞机搭载检测器	[34]
20	加拿大Alberta与Saskatchewan油气生产区	5个生产井场	自上而下：示踪剂下风向检测	[35]
21	荷兰格罗宁根油气生产区		自上而下：车载检测、飞机搭载检测器	[36]

序号	现场检测区块	样本数量	检测方法	来源
1	美国4个油气生产区	150个生产井场	自下而上：设备组件检测	[16]
2	美国Barnett页岩气生产区	18个生产井场	自上而下：车载检测	[17]
3	美国Barnett页岩气生产区	200个生产井	自上而下：车载检测	[18]
4	美国Barnett页岩气生产区	125个生产井	自上而下：车载检测	[19]
5	美国Barnett页岩气生产区		自上而下：飞行检测	[20]
6	美国Haynesville与Marcellus油气区		自上而下：飞行搭载检测器检测	[21]
7	美国Wyoming油气生产区		自上而下：车载检测、示踪剂下风向检测	[22]
8	美国Ohio,Utah,Colorado油气生产区	138个废弃井	自下而上：部件检测	[23]
9	澳大利亚Surat,NSW煤层气生产区	50个生产井,2个废弃井	自上而下：车载断面检测、示踪剂下风向检测;自下而上：组件泄漏检测	[24]
10	美国Bakken页岩气区		自上而下：示踪剂下风向检测	[25]
11	美国Marcellus油气生产区	35个生产井场(107个单井)	自上而下：示踪剂下风向检测	[26]
12	美国Pensyvania油气生产区	163个废弃井	自下而上：静态箱通量检测法	[27]
13	美国Pensyvania油气生产区	94个废弃井	自下而上：静态箱通量检测法	[28]
14	美国Bakken,Wyoming等7个油气盆地	>8000个生产井	自上而下：直升机搭载检测器	[29]
15	加拿大Alberta油气生产区	5303个生产井	自上而下：飞机搭载检测器检测	[30]
16	美国4个油气生产区	65个生产井场	自下而上：气动阀门检测	[31]
17	美国4个油气生产区	65个生产井场	自下而上：井口排液过程检测	[32]
18	美国Eagle Ford油气生产区	5个生产井场	自上而下：飞机搭载检测器	[33]
19	美国Pennsylvania与Virginia油气生产区		自上而下：飞机搭载检测器	[34]
20	加拿大Alberta与Saskatchewan油气生产区	5个生产井场	自上而下：示踪剂下风向检测	[35]
21	荷兰格罗宁根油气生产区		自上而下：车载检测、飞机搭载检测器	[36]

能源类型	区块	环节	样本数量	排放因子或排放量	对比排放因子或排放量	来源
天然气	胜利油田	套管气	7	35.96 kg/t	22.2 kg/t^[11]	[44]
煤层气	山西沁水盆地	生产单井	113	176 kg CO₂-eq/t	11.7 kg CO₂-eq/t ^[24]	[45]
石油	胜坨油田	原油储存过程	室内实验	0.23 t/(年·个)*	0.38 t/(年·个)^[41]	[46]
天然气	四川某气矿	气田水	室内实验			[47]
石油	胜利油田	采出水	室内实验			[48]
天然气	四川某气矿	钻井	55		16.31	[49]
		测试井	55	7.95	24.78
		设备维修	502	7.80	479.41
		天然气生产	502	987.92	19365.95
		天然气处理		29.65	400.95
石油与天然气	大庆油田	2010年		723229	6692597	[51]
	吐哈油田	2011年		721938	6910538
	涩北气田	2012年		725088	7119973
	蜀南气矿	2013年		732878	7315206

能源类型	区块	环节	样本数量	排放因子或排放量	对比排放因子或排放量	来源
天然气	胜利油田	套管气	7	35.96 kg/t	22.2 kg/t^[11]	[44]
煤层气	山西沁水盆地	生产单井	113	176 kg CO₂-eq/t	11.7 kg CO₂-eq/t ^[24]	[45]
石油	胜坨油田	原油储存过程	室内实验	0.23 t/(年·个)*	0.38 t/(年·个)^[41]	[46]
天然气	四川某气矿	气田水	室内实验			[47]
石油	胜利油田	采出水	室内实验			[48]
天然气	四川某气矿	钻井	55		16.31	[49]
		测试井	55	7.95	24.78
		设备维修	502	7.80	479.41
		天然气生产	502	987.92	19365.95
		天然气处理		29.65	400.95
石油与天然气	大庆油田	2010年		723229	6692597	[51]
	吐哈油田	2011年		721938	6910538
	涩北气田	2012年		725088	7119973
	蜀南气矿	2013年		732878	7315206