Historic and recent observational data of SO2 and NOx from Lin誥n and Longfengshan background stations, located in the Yangtze Delta and the Northeast Plain region, respectively, are analyzed in order to study the differences in concentrations of these climate-relevant acidic gases between the two regions, and the impacts of anthropogenic emissions on the gases since about one decade ago. The past and more recent concentration levels of the gases are compared between the two sites, long-term changing trends of the gases at both sites are estimated, and the NOx/SO2 ratios for the two sites are obtained using the correlation method. The results show that as early as middle 1990s, concentration levels of SO2 and NOx have been considerably high already at the background station of the Yangtze Delta region, and since then anthropogenic emissions have caused a significant increase in NOx concentration, making NOx another major pollutant in addition to SO2. Data from Longfengshan station suggest that levels of acidic gases in the Northeast Plain region were originally very low in the past, and are still considerably low at present. However, levels of the two acidic gases in this less polluted region have increased at very high rates, therefore, the future levels of these gases in the region are not optimistic.

Wetland ecosystem is considered as one of the important ecosystems for life and human society sustainability, and also one of the most important terrestrial C stocks on the Earth. Therefore, conservation of wetland soil C stock may play a significant role in mitigation of increasing greenhouse gas in the atmosphere. China has widely-distributed wetlands with diverse types of wetland ecosystems. However, severe challenges such as intense shift to cultivation, low C density and C stock reduction due to cultivation have emerged since the 1950's. It is estimated that China's wetlands have a total C stock in the range of 8-10 Pg, in a proportion of one tenth to one eighth to the state total terrestrial C stock. A reduction of about 1.5 Pg in total C stock was also estimated for the last 50 years. Cultivation and over-grazing have been considered as the dominant forcing factors for this C reduction. Practical measures should be implemented in the near future for conserving wetland soil C stock and further for enhancing the total terrestrial C sink as China is facing a great pressure to mitigate the increasing greenhouse gas emissions.

There are abundant wind power sources in China. But, so far, the exploring of wind power forecasting is still weak, and there is almost no objective and quantitative forecasting method available in China. Actually, wind power forecasting means to accurately predict wind speeds and directions in wind farms, and further to forecast wind power. In this paper, we briefly introduce several types of wind power forecasting models, such as statistics, dynamics, downscaling, ensemble wind power forecasting models, and wind power production forecasting models. Meanwhile, we simply introduce wind power prediction verification and user-friendly forecasting platform's construction.

Based on the project "Screening for Climate Change Adaptation", an adaptation assessment and management framework applied to impacts of climate change on water resources in China was developed. It includes the qualitative description and analysis, semi-quantitative and quantitative analyses of the potential impacts of future climate change on water resources, and the assessment of adaptation options. According to different climatic regions and different problems on water resources, four case studies have been processed in the projects. By setting up different objectives and problems, a comprehensive research on climate change adaptation management is demonstrated. The principles, framework and methodology of assessing climate change impacts and adaptation are developed. This research provides an effective framework tool and methodology for the planning and risk management of water resources under impacts of future climate change.

Based on the monthly temperature and precipitation data at 14 weather stations from 1961 to 2005, the climate change characteristics in the upper reaches of the Hanjiang River upstream of Ankang in the past 45 years were analyzed. The correlation between the temperature and precipitation at each meteorological station and the annual natural runoff volume at Ankang hydrological station were calculated. After selecting the representative stations, we developed the climatic model for calculating the annual natural runoff volume, and analyzed the sensitivity of natural runoff volume to climate change and the effect of climate change on the runoff volume. The results show that the annual natural runoff volume of the Hanjiang River increases with the increase of precipitation but decreases with the increase of temperature, and that the response of the annual natural runoff volume is more sensitive to precipitation changes rather than to temperature changes.

Based on the data of the start and halt warble dates at 4 agro-meteorological observation stations in Qinghai, the response of the cuckoo's (Cuculus canorus) phenophase date to climate change was analyzed. The result show that: 1) there existed a regional difference in cuckoo's phenophase date; 2) except at Nuomuhong station, there was a trend of advancing of start warble date and delaying of halt warble date, and the interval day numbers from start warble to halt warble date prolonged at other three stations. This change trend was consistent with that of climate change, and thus we can conclude that the cuckoo?phenophase responds to the climate warming to some extent.

By using the temperature data at an urban station and three suburban stations and the urban development statistical data in Harbin from 1986 to 2005, the relationship between urban development and heat island effect was analyzed for the past 20 years. The main conclusions are summarized as follows: there was a positive correlation between urban development and heat island intensity in Harbin. The main contributive factors to heat island effect were annual industrial GDP, built-up area, annual power consumption, public transport vehicles, road areas and annual water consumption. The correlation coefficient between synthesized urban development index and annual heat island intensity was 0.72, significant at the 0.01 significance level, and their fit curve generally showed the characteristic of Environmental Kuznets Curve.

Based on the monthly average temperature series of Huiyang (urban area) and Pingtan (rural area) from 1961 to 2004, temperature changes in the urban and rural areas were analyzed. The results show that both urban and rural annual and seasonal temperatures exhibited increasing trends, with increasing rates of 0.21 and 0.13 ℃/10 a in the urban and rural areas, respectively, and with a most remarkable warming trend in winter. Both the increasing rate and range of temperature in the urban area were larger than those in the rural area. Urbanization, industrialization and human activities all significantly contributed to the city's temperature rise, and the contribution ratios of annual and seasonal heat island effects to the total temperature rise ranged from 28.9% to 56.3%. The annual and seasonal mean temperature of the urban station increased 0.19 to 27 ℃ in the last 10 years (1995-2004) relative to the previous 34 years (1961-1994) due to urban heat island effect, and the increase in temperature due to global warming ranged from 0.17 to 0.73 ℃. The heat island effect had a significant influence on the abrupt change of the city's temperature in the 1990s.

Eurasian winter sea level pressure anomalies during 1948-2007 were investigated by applying a nonlinear principal component analysis (NLPCA) method. The results show that there was a distinct nonlinear characteristic in Eurasian winter sea level pressure anomaly changes. The spatial distribution was obviously asymmetrical when the first nonlinear principal component (NLPC1) took various positive or negative anomalous values. It is found that there was an evident interdecadal change of the intensity and period of interannual oscillations for the first nonlinear principal mode in the early 1970s, afterwards the nonlinear interannual oscillation was significantly enhanced.

Using the daily mean/minimum air temperatures data at 8 weather stations in the Nanning area during 1961-2005, we analyzed the change characteristics of cold wave activity in the Nanning area in recent 45 years and the impact of anomalous circulations on the frequency of the cold wave events affecting Nanning. The results show that the cold wave activity period is different in various areas of the Nanning area, that is, the cold wave activity begins early but ends late in the east, while it begins late but ends early in the northwest. The cold waves occur mainly in December, January and February. Over the past 45 years, cold waves had two abnormal changes in the early 1970s and late 1990s. The general trend of cold wave activity is decreasing at a rate of 0.12 time/10 a. This phenomenon is mainly related to the obvious rise in daily minimum temperature. The typical circulation characteristics for strong/weak cold wave activity years are illustrated with respective composite 500 hPa height anomaly fields.