The synergy effect assessment method and its application for air pollutants and greenhouse gases reduction

doi:10.12006/j.issn.1673-1719.2020.206

Abstract

Abstract:

This study built an evaluation index to quantify the synergistic effect of air pollution control and greenhouse gas emission reduction based on the two-digit four-quadrant map, and established a method to quantify the synergistic effect, sorting out and giving the calculation methods for the emission of major pollutants such as fuel combustion, cement production, and coal-fired power plants, and determining the emission factors and carbon dioxide emission factors of different fuel types and processes. For the evaluation of the “Air Pollution Prevention Action Plan”, the energy structure adjustment and industrial structure adjustment measures were evaluated for the quantified implementation effect of synergy. The results are as follows. The CO₂ emission reduction synergistic effect of all implemented measures to reduce pollutants has a positive synergistic effect, which belongs to pollution emission reduction measures that should be actively encouraged and recommended. The measure to achieve the maximum synergy of CO₂ and SO₂ is to reduce the total coal consumption. In addition, the replacement of coal and oil by electricity, and the replacement of coal by natural gas can also achieve greater SO₂ emission reductions, but their CO₂ emission reductions are relatively small. Eliminating small-scale coal-fired boilers can achieve higher NO₂ and CO₂ emission reduction; eliminating outdated production capacity and dissolving excess capacity also have high synergy effects. The measure of energy consumption reduction has the highest SO₂ and CO₂ synergy evaluation index, followed by fuel substitution measures; the measure of eliminating coal-fired boilers has the highest NO₂ and CO₂ synergy evaluation index, followed by natural gas substitution of coal-fired measures; coal-fired alternative measures has the largest soot and CO₂ synergy evaluation index, followed by energy consumption reduction measures. The implementation of some measures for energy structure adjustment and industrial structure adjustment in the Air Pollution Prevention Action Plan from 2013 to 2017 achieved a reduction in SO₂ emissions of 22.65×10⁶ t, a reduction in NO₂ emissions of 6.56×10⁶ t, and soot emission reduction of 4.69×10⁶ t, while achieving CO₂ emission reduction of 1.46×10⁹ t, having a significant positive synergistic effect.

Key words: Atmospheric pollutants, Greenhouse gases, Synergistic effects, Assessment methods, Evaluation index

GAO Qing-Xian, GAO Wen-Ou, MA Zhan-Yun, TANG Jia-Jie, FU Jia-Feng, LI Ying-Xin, REN Jia-Xue. The synergy effect assessment method and its application for air pollutants and greenhouse gases reduction[J]. Climate Change Research, 2021, 17(3): 268-278.

Figures/Tables 5

Fig. 1 Four-quadrant diagram of synergy evaluation

Table 1 Pollution coefficients of different pollutants in main processes and fuel types

Table 2 Evaluation of the synergistic effect of pollutants and carbon dioxide in energy structure adjustment and industrial structure adjustment

Fig. 2 Four quadrants of pollutant reduction and greenhouse gas reduction

Fig. 3 Synergy evaluation index

References 30

[1]	田春秀, 李丽平, 胡涛, 等. 气候变化与环保政策的协同效应[J]. 环境保护, 2009,42(2):67-68. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-9705.2009.12.025.
	Tian C X, Li L P, Hu T, et al. Synergies between climate change and environmental protection policies[J]. Environmental Protection, 2009,42(2):67-68. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-9705.2009.12.025 (in Chinese)
[2]	Tollefsen P, Rypdal K, Torvanger A. Air pollution policies in Europe: efficiency gains from integrating climate effects with damage costs to health and crops[J]. Environmental Science & Policy, 2009,12:870-881
[3]	胡涛, 田春秀, 李丽平. 协同效应对中国气候变化的政策影响[J]. 环境保护, 2004,9:56-58. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-9705.2004.09.015.
	Hu T, Tian C X, Li L P. Influence of co-benefit on policy in China[J]. Environmental Protection, 2004,9:56-58. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-9705. 2004.09.015 (in Chinese)
[4]	胡涛, 田春秀, 毛显强. 协同控制:回顾与展望[J]. 环境与可持续发展, 2012,1:25-29. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-288X.2012.01.006.
	Hu T, Tian C X, Mao X Q. Co-control: lookback and look forward[J]. Environment and Sustainable Development, 2012,1:25-29. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-288X.2012.01.006 (in Chinese)
[5]	薛冰, 任婉侠, 马志孝, 等. 应对气候变化的协同效应研究综述[J]. 阅江学刊, 2013,2:30-35. DOI: CNKI:SUN:YJXK.0.2013-02-008.
	Xue B, Ren W X, Ma Z X, et al. A review of co-benefits in climate change researches[J]. Yuejiang Academic Journal, 2013,2:30-35. DOI: CNKI:SUN:YJXK.0.2013-02-008 (in Chinese)
[6]	薛冰. 空气污染物与温室气体的协同防控[J]. 改革, 2017,282(8):78-80. DOI: CNKI:SUN:REFO.0.2017-08-023.
	Xue B. Coordinated prevention and control of air pollutants and greenhouse gases[J]. Reform, 2017,282(8):78-80. DOI: CNKI:SUN:REFO.0.2017-08-023 (in Chinese)
[7]	Longo A, Hoyos D, Markandya A. Willness to pay for ancillary benefits of climate change mitigation[J]. Environmental Resource Economic, 2012,51:119-140 doi: 10.1007/s10640-011-9491-9 URL
[8]	Chae Y. Co-benefit analysis of an air quality management plan and greenhouse gas reduction strategies in the Seoul metropolitan area[J]. Environmental Science & Policy, 2010,13:205-216
[9]	周颖, 刘兰翠, 曹东. 二氧化碳和常规污染物协同减排研究[J]. 热力发电, 2013,42(9):63-65. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1002-3364.2013.09.063.
	Zhou Y, Liu L C, Cao D. Synergistical emission control of carbon dioxide and conventional pollutants in thermal power plants[J]. Thermal Power Generation, 2013,42(9):63-65. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1002-3364.2013.09.063 (in Chinese)
[10]	毛显强, 曾桉, 刘胜强, 等. 钢铁行业技术减排措施硫、氮、碳协同控制效应评价研究[J]. 环境科学学报, 2012,32(5) : 1253-1260. DOI: CNKI:SUN:HJXX.0.2012-05-033.
	Mao X Q, Zeng A, Liu S Q, et al. Assessment of SO₂, NOx and CO₂ co-control effects by technological reduction measures in iron & steel industry[J]. Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae, 2012,32(5):1253-1260. DOI: CNKI:SUN: HJXX.0.2012-05-033 (in Chinese)
[11]	薛婕, 罗宏, 吕连宏, 等. 中国主要大气污染物和温室气体的排放特征与关联性[J]. 资源科学, 2012,34(8):1452-1460. DOI: 1007-7588(2012)08-1452-09.
	Xue J, Luo H, Lyu L H, et al. Emission characteristics and correlation of main air pollutant and greenhouse gas in China[J]. Resources Science, 2012,34(8):1452-1460. DOI: 1007-7588(2012)08-1452-09 (in Chinese)
[12]	周颖, 张宏伟, 蔡博峰, 等. 水泥行业常规污染物和二氧化碳协同减排研究[J]. 环境科学与技术, 2013,36(12):164-168. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1003-6504.2013.12.033.
	Zhou Y, Zhang H W, Cai B F, et al. Synergistic reduction of local pollutants and CO₂ from cement industry[J]. Environmental Science and Technology, 2013,36(12):164-168. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1003-6504.2013.12.033 (in Chinese)
[13]	顾阿伦, 滕飞, 冯相昭. 主要部门污染物控制政策的温室气体协同效果分析与评价[J]. 中国人口?资源与环境, 2016,26(2):10-17. DOI: 10.3969 / j.issn.1002-2104.2016.02.002.
	Gu A L, Teng F, Feng X Z. Assessment and analysis on co-benefits of pollution control and greenhouse gases emission reduction in key sectors[J]. China Population, Resources and Environment, 2016,26(2):10-17. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn. 1002-2104.2016.02.002 (in Chinese)
[14]	萧谦, 刘宁. 城市温室气体与大气污染控制协同效应研究[J]. 工程管理, 2012,9:59-61. DOI: CNKI:SUN:KJXY.0.2012-09-025.
	Xiao Q, Liu N. Research on the synergistic effect of urban greenhouse gas and air pollution control[J]. Journal of Engineering Management, 2012,9:59-61. DOI: CNKI:SUN:KJXY.0.2012-09-025 (in Chinese)
[15]	傅京燕, 刘佳鑫. 气候变化政策的协同收益研究述评[J]. 环境经济研究, 2018,2:134-148. DOI: 10.19511/j.cnki.jee.2018.02.009.
	Fu J Y, Liu J X. Reviews of the cooperative benefits of climate change policy[J]. Journal of Environmental Economics, 2018,2:134-148. DOI: 10.19511/j.cnki.jee.2018.02.009 (in Chinese)
[16]	Vuurena D P, Cofala J, Eerens H E, et al. Exploring the ancillary benefits of the Kyoto Protocol for air pollution in Europe[J]. Energy Policies, 2006,34:444-460
[17]	李丽平, 周国梅, 季浩宇. 污染减排的协同效应评价研究: 以攀枝花市为例[J]. 中国人口?资源与环境, 2010,20(5):91-95.
	Li L P, Zhou G M, Ji H Y. Research on synergy evaluation of pollution reduction: taking Panzhihua city as an example[J]. China Population, Resources and Environment, 2010,20(5):91-95 (in Chinese)
[18]	庞军, 石媛昌, 冯相昭, 等. 实施低碳水泥标准的影响及协同减排效果分析[J]. 气候变化研究进展, 2013,9(4):275-283. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-1719.2013.04.006.
	Pang J, Shi Y C, Feng X Z, et al. Analysis on impacts and co-abatement effects of implementing the low-carbon cement standard[J]. Climate Change Research, 2013,9(4):275-283. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-1719.2013.04.006 (in Chinese)
[19]	毛显强, 曾桉, 胡涛, 等. 技术减排措施协同控制效应评价研究[J]. 中国人口?资源与环境, 2011,21(12):1-7. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1002-2104.2011.12.001.
	Mao X Q, Zeng A, Hu T, et al. Study of coordinate control effect assessment of technical measures for emission reduction[J]. China Population, Resources and Environment, 2011,21(12):1-7. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1002-2104.2011.12.001 (in Chinese)
[20]	孙庆贺, 陆永琪, 傅立新, 等. 我国氮氧化物排放因子的修正和排放量计算: 2000年[J]. 环境工程学报, 2004 (2):90-94. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-9108.2004.02.023.
	Sun Q H, Lu Y Q, Fu L X, et al. Adjustment on NOx emission factors and calculation of NOx emissions in China in the year 2000[J]. Techniques and Equipment for Environmental Pollution Control, 2004 (2):90-94. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-9108.2004.02.023 (in Chinese)
[21]	汪澜. 水泥生产企业CO₂排放量的计算[J]. 中国水泥, 2009,90(11):21-22.
	Wang L. Calculation of carbon dioxide emission of cement production enterprises[J]. China Cement, 2009,90(11):21-22 (in Chinese)
[22]	中国建筑材料科学研究总院. 3111水泥制造行业产排污系数表 [EB/OL]. 2012 [2020-09-08]. https://wenku.baidu.com/view/995bb0 82b9d528ea81c77913.html.
	China Building Materials Academy. Table of pollutant emission factor for cement manufacturing industry[EB/OL]. 2012 [2020-09-08]. https://wenku.baidu.com/view/995bb0 82b9d528ea81c77913.html.(in Chinese)
[23]	肖俊清, 陆少锋. 平板玻璃行业大气污染物排放源强核算方法研究[J]. 中国玻璃, 2017,4:21-23.
	Xiao J Q, Lu S F. Study on intensity accounting method for air pollutant emission source in flat glass industry[J]. China Glass, 2017,4:21-23 (in Chinese)
[24]	钟悦之, 宋晓晖, 王彦超, 等. 中国平板玻璃行业大气污染物排放特征研究[J]. 中国环境科学, 2018,38(12):4451-4459. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-6923.2018.12.007.
	Zhong Y Z, Song X H, Wang Y C, et al. Emission characteristics from flat-glass industry in China[J]. China Environmental Science, 2018,38(12):4451-4459. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-6923.2018.12.007 (in Chinese)
[25]	朱法华, 钟鲁文, 王强. 火电行业主要污染物产排污系数[M]. 北京: 中国环境科学出版社, 2009.
	Zhu F H, Zhong L W, Wang Q. Emission coefficient of main pollutants in thermal power industry [M]. Beijing: China Environmental Press, 2009 (in Chinese)
[26]	国家发展改革委气候司能源研究所. 省级温室气体清单指南: 试行[EB/OL]. 2013 [2020-09-08] https://wenku.baidu.com/view/7ae95325f111f18583d05a67.html.
	Energy Research Institute of Climate Department of National Development and Reform Commission, People's Republic of China. Guidelines for provincial greenhouse gas inventories [EB/OL]. 2013 [2020-09-08]. https://wenku.baidu.com/view/7ae95325f111f18583d05a67.html. (in Chinese)
[27]	胡名操. 环境保护实用数据手册[M]. 北京: 机械工业出版社, 1990.
	Hu M C. Practical data manual for environmental protection [M]. Beijing: China Machine Press, 1990 (in Chinese)
[28]	国家市场监督管理总局, 国家标准化管理委员会. 综合能耗计算通则: GB/T 2589—2008 [S/OL]. 2019 [2020-09-08]. https://wenku.baidu.com/view/36689c0fd1d233d4b14e852458fb770bf68a3bd2.html.
	State Administration for Market Regulation, Standardization Administration. General rules for calculation of comprehensive energy consumption: GB/T 2589-2008[S]. 2019 [2020-09-08]. https://wenku.baidu.com/view/36689c0fd1d233d4b14e852458fb770bf68a3bd2.html.
[29]	中华人民共和国国家发展和改革委员会. 发改委、建设部等紧急通知打击地条钢非法产销行为[J]. 经济管理文摘, 2004 (13):6-7.
	National Development and Reform Commission, People's Republic of China. The National Development and Reform Commission, the Ministry of Construction, etc. urgently notify the illegal production and sale of land steel[J]. Economy and Management Digest, 2004 (13):6-7 (in Chinese)
[30]	IPCC. 2006 IPCC guidelines for national greenhouse gas inventories [M/OL]. 2006 [2020-09-08]. https://www.ipcc-nggip.iges.or.jp/public/2006gl/index.html.