关键词: 气候变化, 全球气候治理, COP30, 气候谈判, 贝伦一揽子政治成果

Abstract:

The Thirtieth Session of the Conference of the Parties (COP30) to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) achieved the “Belém Political Package”, encompassing, inter alia, the Global Mutirão Decision, adaptation, just transition, the Global Stocktake, as well as mitigation, finance, and technology. In the context of the United States’ second withdrew from the Paris Agreement and global climate governance faces numerous challenges and uncertainties, China has made significant contributions to the Belém Climate Change Conference across multiple levels, including head-of-state diplomacy, ministerial bilateral and multilateral engagement, and negotiations across climate agenda items. China has promoted global climate governance to focus on implementation with China’s proposal as the direction for global action, and has also supported the global green and low-carbon transition through practical actions in the field of renewable energy. COP30 revealed several salient trends in global climate governance, including 1) the new characteristics of the global climate governance pattern as “rising in the East and declining in the West, and converging in the South and diverging in the North”, 2) developed countries are more concerned about newly added financing obligations, 3) a trend of the five-year ambition cycle under the Paris Agreement being shortened to “annual push”, and 4) developed countries are increasingly attempting to avoid substantive bifurcated obligations under the Convention. Looking ahead, the “transition away from fossil fuels” may become a focus of COP31 as it was not included in the Belém outcomes. Significant progress has been made on climate and trade issues and just transition issues, providing opportunities for developing countries to seek solutions to these issues within the multilateral climate process. The finance issue will remain as a hot topic in the climate process over the next two years. The new model of Turkey serving as the President of COP31 and Australia presiding over the negotiation work will bring some complexity to the direction of climate negotiations. The outcomes of the Belém Climate Conference carry significant political importance. Upholding multilateralism and international cooperation to address climate change remains the priority option for all Parties. Global climate governance is expected to become a forefront area for China to implement its Global Governance Initiative. China should keep active dialogues with all other stakeholders and get well prepared for the participation in COP31.

Key words: Climate change, Global climate governance, COP30, Climate negotiations, Belém Political Package