国际碳定价：进展、形势与应对策略

doi:10.12006/j.issn.1673-1719.2024.166

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

《巴黎协定》下首次全球盘点识别出当前全球气候行动与全球温控目标之间的差距，利用市场机制等国际碳定价政策工具加快全球温室气体减排进程成为国际社会关注的焦点之一。除《巴黎协定》设立的市场机制外，国际货币基金组织等国际组织、欧盟等主要经济体陆续提出了差异化的国际碳定价主张。对不同类型国际碳定价政策分析表明，以市场机制为基础的国际碳定价模式更适合我国，建议主管部门在立足于完善国内碳定价机制的同时，推进跨境碳交易合作，提升我国在国际碳定价领域的影响力。

关键词: 巴黎协定, 国际碳定价, 自下而上, 减排力度

Abstract:

In consideration of the gap between the goals of the Paris Agreement and global climate actions implied by the nationally determined contributions identified by the first Global Stocktake, utilizing international carbon pricing instruments to facilitate the GHG emission reduction activities, including market mechanisms, has become one of the key focus of international society. Besides the market mechanisms established by the Paris Agreement, IMF (International Monetary Fund), EU and other stakeholders have provided different policy proposals toward the arrangement of international carbon pricing. The analysis of different types of international carbon pricing policies shows that the market approach is more suitable for China. In order to improve impacts in carbon pricing area, it is suggested that China promote to enhance the framework of domestic carbon pricing mechanisms and facilitate the cooperation of cross border emission trading.

Key words: Paris Agreement, International carbon pricing, Bottom-up, Emission reduction efforts

王际杰. 国际碳定价：进展、形势与应对策略[J]. 气候变化研究进展, 2024, 20(6): 773-781.

WANG Ji-Jie. International carbon pricing: progress, development and suggestions[J]. Climate Change Research, 2024, 20(6): 773-781.

图/表 2

参考文献 29

[1]	李慧明, 向文洁. 大变局下的全球气候治理与中国的战略选择: 基于首次全球盘点的分析[J]. 国际展望, 2024, 16 (2): 85-102. DOI: 10.13851/j.cnki.gjzw.202402005.
	Li H M, Xiang W J. Global climate governance and China’s strategic choices under the great transformation: based on the analysis of the first global stocktake[J]. Global Review, 2024, 16 (2): 85-102. DOI: 10.13851/j.cnki.gjzw.202402005 (in Chinese)
[2]	UNFCCC. First Global Stocktake[EB/OL]. 2023 [2024-05-20]. https://unfccc.int/event/cma-5?item=4
[3]	UNFCCC. About carbon pricing[EB/OL]. 2023 [2024-08-20]. https://unfccc.int/about-us/regional-collaboration-centres/the-ciaca/about-carbon-pricing#Can-countries-use-carbon-pricing-for-achieving-the
[4]	World Bank. State and trends of carbon pricing 2024[R/OL]. 2024 [2023-06-12]. https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/entities/publication/b0d66765-299c-4fb8-921f-61f6bb979087. License:CC BY 3.0 IGO
[5]	赵斌. 欧盟“绿色新政”与气候政治新动态[J]. 当代世界, 2024 (2): 26-31.
	Zhao B. The European Green Deal and latest developments of climate politics[J]. Contemporary World, 2024 (2): 26-31 (in Chinese)
[6]	国际碳行动伙伴组织. 全球碳市场进展: 2024年度报告[R]. 柏林: 国际碳行动伙伴组织, 2024.
	ICAP (International Carbon Action Partnership). Emissions trading worldwide: status report 2024[R]. Berlin:International Carbon Action Partnership, 2024 (in Chinese)
[7]	江思羽. 欧盟碳边境调节机制对我国参与国际贸易和气候治理的影响[J]. 中国能源, 2023, 45 (8): 88-97.
	Jiang S Y. The impacts of CBAM on China’s participation to international trade and climate governance[J]. Energy of China. 2023, 45 (8): 88-97 (in Chinese)
[8]	Wang Y, Liu Y X, Gu B H. COP26: progress, challenges, and outlook[J]. Advances in Atmospheric Sciences, 2022, 39 (8): 1209-1216 doi: 10.1007/s00376-022-2097-z pmid: 35789623
[9]	王谋, 吉治璇, 陈迎. 格拉斯哥会议后全球气候治理格局、特征与趋势: 兼议对我国气候治理的影响及其策略选择[J]. 治理现代化研究, 2022, 38 (2): 89-96.
	Wang M, Ji Z X, Chen Y. The structure, feature and trend of global climate governance after the Glasgow Conference: analysis of the impacts on China’s climate governance and its strategic choice[J]. Governance Modernization Studies, 2022, 38 (2): 89-96 (in Chinese)
[10]	UNFCCC. Guidance on cooperative approaches referred to in Article 6, paragraph 2, of the Paris Agreement[EB/OL]. 2021 [2023-08-22]. https://unfccc.int/documents/310510
[11]	UNFCCC. Guidance on the mechanism established by Article 6, paragraph 4, of the Paris Agreement. Proposal by the president[EB/OL]. 2022 [2023-08-30]. https://unfccc.int/documents/621906
[12]	UN Climate Change. June climate meetings take modest steps forward; steep mountain still to climb ahead of COP29[R/OL]. 2024 [2024-06-13]. https://unfccc.int/news/june-climate-meetings-take-modest-steps-forward-steep-mountain-still-to-climb-ahead-of-cop29?gad_source=1&gclid=CjwKCAiAxea5BhBeEiwAh4t5K5aZ7-2OnndyEUhA6aKCxWxRVreearDoHKD_wpY-TJcLYJvm9Q5atRoCcNQQAvD_BwE
[13]	Parry I, Black S, Roaf J. Proposal for an international carbon price floor among large emitters[R/OL]. 2021 [2024-05-20]. https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/staff-climate-notes/Issues/2021/06/15/Proposal-for-an-International-Carbon-Price-Floor-Among-Large-Emitters-460468
[14]	OECD. Carbon pricing and COVID-19: policy changes, challenges and design options in OECD and G20 countries[R/OL]. 2021 [2024-05-20]. https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/environment/carbon-pricing-and-covid-19_8f030bcc-en
[15]	OECD. Inclusive forum on carbon mitigation approaches[R/OL]. 2022 [2024-05-10]. https://www.oecd.org/general/searchresults/?q=IFCMA&cx=012432601748511391518:xzeadub0b0a&cof=FORID:11&ie=UTF-8
[16]	韩联社. WTO总干事提出建立全球碳价机制多国工作组[R/OL]. 2023 [2023-10-20]. http://kr.mofcom.gov.cn/article/jmxw/202310/20231003447375.shtml.
	Yonhap News Agency. WTO launching global carbon price task force[R/OL]. 2023 [2023-10-20]. http://kr.mofcom.gov.cn/article/jmxw/202310/20231003447375.shtml (in Chinese)
[17]	高帅, 李彬, 邓红梅, 等. 《巴黎协定》下自愿碳市场的运行模式及对我国的影响[J]. 中国环境管理, 2023, 15 (4): 44-52. DOI: 10.16868/j.cnki.1674-6252.2023.04.044.
	Gao S, Li B, Deng H M, et al. The operation mode of the voluntary carbon market under the Paris Agreement and its impact on China[J]. Chinese Journal of Environmental Management, 2023, 15 (4): 44-52. DOI: 10.16868/j.cnki.1674-6252.2023.04.044 (in Chinese)
[18]	ICAO (International Civil Aviation Organization). Carbon Offsetting and Reduction Scheme for International Aviation (CORSIA)[EB/OL]. 2023 [2024-06-13]. https://www.icao.int/environmental-protection/CORSIA/Pages/default.aspx
[19]	银朔, 段茂盛. 《巴黎协定》市场机制中的相应调整方法[J]. 气候变化研究进展, 2023, 19 (4): 508-519.
	Yin S, Duan M S. Method of corresponding adjustment in the market mechanisms of the Paris Agreement[J]. Climate Change Research, 2023, 19 (4): 508-519 (in Chinese)
[20]	UNFCCC. The Clean Development Mechanism[EB/OL]. 2024 [2024-11-15]. https://cdm.unfccc.int/about/index.html
[21]	FOEN (The mission of the Federal Office for the Environment). Climate: international affairs[R/OL]. 2024 [2024-06-15]. https://www.bafu.admin.ch/bafu/en/home/topics/climate/info-specialists/climate--international-affairs.html
[22]	A6IP (Paris Agreement Article 6 Implementation Partnership). Launch of the “Paris Agreement Article 6 Implementation Partnership”: towards high integrity carbon markets[R/OL]. 2022 [2024-05-23]. https://a6partnership.org/launch-of-the-paris-agreement-article-6-implementation-partnership/
[23]	高凛. 《巴黎协定》框架下全球气候治理机制及前景展望[J]. 国际商务研究, 2022, 43 (6): 54-62. DOI: 10.13680/j.cnki.ibr.2022.06.002.
	Gao L. Global climate governance mechanism and its prospect under the Paris Agreement[J]. International Business Research, 2022, 43 (6): 54-62. DOI: 10.13680/j.cnki.ibr.2022.06.002 (in Chinese)
[24]	United Nations. United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change[EB/OL]. 1992 [2024-05-24]. https://unfccc.int/files/essential_background/background_publications_htmlpdf/application/pdf/conveng.pdf
[25]	International Energy Agency. CO₂ emissions in 2023: a new record high, but is there light at the end of the tunnel? [EB/OL]. 2024 [2024-09-30]. https://www.iea.org/reports/co2-emissions-in-2023
[26]	International Energy Agency. CO₂ total emissions by region, 2000-2023 [EB/OL]. 2024 [2024-09-30]. https://unfccc.int/files/essential_background/background_publications_htmlpdf/application/pdf/conveng.pdf
[27]	生态环境部. 全国碳市场发展报告 (2024)[EB/OL]. 2024 [2024-08-25]. https://www.mee.gov.cn/ywdt/xwfb/202407/W020240722528848347594.pdf.
	Ministry of Ecology and Environment of the People’s Republic of China. National carbon market development report (2024)[EB/OL]. 2024 [2024-08-25]. https://www.mee.gov.cn/ywdt/xwfb/202407/W020240722528848347594.pdf (in Chinese)
[28]	生态环境部. 全国碳排放权交易市场覆盖水泥、钢铁、电解铝行业工作方案 (征求意见稿)[EB/OL]. 2024 [2024-09-25]. https://www.mee.gov.cn/xxgk2018/xxgk/xxgk06/202409/t20240909_1085452.html.
	Ministry of Ecology and Environment of the People’s Republic of China. The working programme on the coverage of cement, steel and aluminum industries in the national ETS[EB/OL]. 2024 [2024-09-25]. https://www.mee.gov.cn/xxgk2018/xxgk/xxgk06/202409/t20240909_1085452.html (in Chinese)
[29]	孙永平, 张欣宇, 施训鹏. 全球气候治理的自愿合作机制及中国参与策略: 以《巴黎协定》第六条为例[J]. 天津社会科学, 2022 (4): 93-99. DOI: 10.16240/j.cnki.1002-3976.2022.04.016.
	Sun Y P, Zhang X Y, Shi X P. Voluntary cooperation mechanism for global climate governance and China’s participation strategy: taking Article 6 of the Paris Agreement as an example[J]. Tianjin Social Sciences, 2022 (4): 93-99. DOI: 10.16240/j.cnki.1002-3976.2022.04.016 (in Chinese)