青藏高原冰前湖与冰川相互作用研究进展

doi:10.12006/j.issn.1673-1719.2024.074

气候变化研究进展 ›› 2024, Vol. 20 ›› Issue (5): 519-533.doi: 10.12006/j.issn.1673-1719.2024.074

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青藏高原冰前湖与冰川相互作用研究进展

车彦军¹^,²^,³(), 陈丽花¹^,³^,⁴, 吴佳康¹^,³^,⁴, 谷来磊⁵, 武荣¹, 张东启⁶, 丁明虎⁶()

1 宜春学院地理科学系，宜春 336000
2 米堆冰川-光谢错冰湖灾害西藏自治区野外科学观测研究站，林芝 860000
3 中国科学院西北生态环境资源研究院玉龙雪山冰川与环境观测研究站/冰冻圈科学国家重点实验室，兰州 730000
4 江西师范大学地理与环境学院，南昌 330022
5 西北师范大学地理与环境科学学院，兰州 730070
6 中国气象科学研究院全球变化与极地研究所, 北京 100081

收稿日期:2024-04-23 修回日期:2024-07-05 出版日期:2024-09-30 发布日期:2024-08-28
通讯作者: 丁明虎，男，研究员，dingminghu@foxmail.com
作者简介:车彦军，男，副教授，che_yanjun@126.com
基金资助:
青藏高原综合科学考察研究项目(2019QZKK0106);国家自然科学基金项目(42101135);国家自然科学基金项目(42461022);江西省自然科学基金项目(20232BAB203060);第三次新疆综合科学考察项目(2021xjkk0101);甘肃省科技计划项目(22JR5RA091)

Progress in the study on the interaction between proglacial lake and lake-terminating glacier over the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau

CHE Yan-Jun¹^,²^,³(), CHEN Li-Hua¹^,³^,⁴, WU Jia-Kang¹^,³^,⁴, GU Lai-Lei⁵, WU Rong¹, ZHANG Dong-Qi⁶, DING Ming-Hu⁶()

1 Department of Geographical Science, Yichun University, Yichun 336000, China
2 Midui Glacier-Guangxiecuo Glacial Lake Disaster Field Scientific Observation and Research Station in Tibet Autonomous Region, Linzhi 860000, China
3 Yulong Snow Mountain Glacier and Environment Observation and Research Station/State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Sciences, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China
4 School of Geography and Environment, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang 330022, China
5 College of Geography and Environmental Science, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou 730070, China
6 Institute of Global Change and Polar Study, Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences, Beijing 100081, China

Received:2024-04-23 Revised:2024-07-05 Online:2024-09-30 Published:2024-08-28

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

基于已有研究，对青藏高原地区冰川与冰湖（主要为冰前湖）相互作用的机理研究进行梳理，以理解青藏高原冰川后退与冰湖扩张的过程和模式，加深对冰川与冰湖相互作用过程和机理的认识。青藏高原地区冰前湖主要分布于藏东南喜马拉雅山和念青唐古拉山，有记录和查明冰湖溃决成因的事件中，冰川动态引起冰前湖溃决事件占到冰湖溃决总事件的55%，且多分布于喜马拉雅山和念青唐古拉山等藏东南地区。冰川与冰前湖的相互作用模式表现为：冰川对冰前湖的作用和冰前湖对冰川的反作用。其中，冰川对冰湖的作用主要包括冰川退缩为冰湖发育提供了空间、冰川融水为冰湖形成和扩张提供了充足水源、冰川极端事件（冰面/内水系溃决、冰川前进/运动、冰崩等）引起冰湖溃决；冰前湖对冰川的反馈机制体现在冰前湖对冰川的热力融冰、冰前湖动力过程导致末端冰川崩解等物质亏损、冰前湖的演变对母冰川的气候效应。需要说明的是，二者之间的相互作用不是孤立的，是彼此依存、同时发生。未来冰川与冰前湖研究中，应致力于：(1)建立统一的冰川观测规范和冰湖-冰川数据集；(2)集成“气候-冰川-冰湖-灾害”为一体的综合观测体系，实现数据共享；(3)耦合冰川与冰湖模型，模拟相互作用过程与机制；(4)统一冰湖溃决灾害的评价体系和完善预警机制。此外，冰川与冰湖变化的理论相对成熟，但冰川与冰前湖相互作用的理论研究依然不够，亟需不断完善。

关键词: 冰前湖, 冰川, 冰湖扩张, 青藏高原

Abstract:

This paper reviews the mechanisms of interaction between glaciers and glacial lakes (mainly proglacial lakes) on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau (QTP) based on existing research. It aims to understand the processes and patterns of glacier retreat and proglacial lake expansion on the QTP and deepen the understanding of the interaction mechanisms between glaciers and proglacial lakes. Proglacial lakes on the QTP are mainly distributed in the southeastern region over QTP, particularly in the Himalayas and Nyainqentanglha Mountains. Of the recorded and identified reason of glacial lake outburst flood events, 55% are caused by glacier dynamics, predominantly in the southeastern QTP including the Himalayas and the Nyainqentanglha Mountains. The interaction pattern between glaciers and proglacial lakes includes the effects of glaciers on proglacial lakes and the feedback of proglacial lakes on contacted glaciers. The effects of glaciers on glacial lakes mainly include providing space for the development of glacial lakes through glacier retreat, supplying abundant water sources for the formation and expansion of glacial lakes through glacier meltwater, and causing glacial lake outburst floods due to extreme glacier events, e.g. ice surface/internal water system outbursts, glacier advances/movements, ice avalanches. The feedback mechanisms of proglacial lakes on glaciers involve thermal melting of glaciers by proglacial lakes, mass loss from ice calving on the terminal glacier caused by dynamic processes of proglacial lakes, and the local climate effects of the evolution of proglacial lakes on their parent glaciers. It is important to note that the interaction between the two is not isolated but mutually dependent and simultaneous. Future research on glacier and proglacial lake should focus on: (1) Establishing unified glacier observation standards and glacier-lake datasets; (2) Integrating a comprehensive observation system that encompasses “climate-glacier-glacial lake-disaster” and sharing those observation datasets; (3) Coupling glacier and glacial lake models to quantify interaction processes and understand their mechanisms; (4) Standardizing the evaluation system for glacial lake outburst flood disasters and improving early warning mechanisms. Besides, the theories of glacier and glacial lake changes are relatively mature, while the theoretical research on the interactions between glaciers and proglacial lakes is still insufficient and urgently needs further development.

Key words: Proglacial lake, Glacier, Expansion of glacial lake, Qinghai-Tibet Plateau

车彦军, 陈丽花, 吴佳康, 谷来磊, 武荣, 张东启, 丁明虎. 青藏高原冰前湖与冰川相互作用研究进展[J]. 气候变化研究进展, 2024, 20(5): 519-533.

CHE Yan-Jun, CHEN Li-Hua, WU Jia-Kang, GU Lai-Lei, WU Rong, ZHANG Dong-Qi, DING Ming-Hu. Progress in the study on the interaction between proglacial lake and lake-terminating glacier over the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau[J]. Climate Change Research, 2024, 20(5): 519-533.

图/表 4

图1 青藏高原冰湖研究文献

Fig. 1 Reference on the study of glacial lake on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau

图2 青藏高原冰湖及其冰湖溃决事件空间分布注：GGLOFD和OGLOFD分别为冰前湖溃决和其他冰湖溃决。

Fig. 2 Spatial distribution of glacial lake and glacier lake outburst flood in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. (GGLOFD denotes a proglacial lake outburst flood, and OGLOFD denotes other glacier lake outburst flood without proglacial lake)

图3 米堆冰川-冰湖扩张概念模式示意图注：?H为高程降低，?L为末端后退距离。a~c为Google Earth影像，d~e为冰川退缩（冰面高程下降、末端退缩），冰湖扩张（沿着冰川末端后退的方向）。

Fig. 3 Conceptual model of retreat of the Midui glacier and expansion of glacial lake

图4 冰湖与母冰川作用模式 Pattern of interaction between proglacial lake and 注：修改自文献[61]。

Fig. 4

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青藏高原冰前湖与冰川相互作用研究进展

Progress in the study on the interaction between proglacial lake and lake-terminating glacier over the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau

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