近地表水汽密度对多年冻土区地表辐射的影响研究——以北麓河地区为例

doi:10.12006/j.issn.1673-1719.2023.248

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

气候暖湿化背景下，青藏高原地区大气水汽含量的增大通过影响地表辐射进而影响多年冻土地表能量分配及其热稳定性。以青藏高原中部北麓河地区的气象数据与活动层水热数据为基础，分析了2 m处空气相对湿度和夏季典型降雨事件对地表反照率及辐射四分量的影响。结果表明：大气水汽通过削弱太阳短波辐射，吸收地面长波辐射，增加向下长波辐射，进而降低地表反照率。大气水汽对地表辐射的影响具有明显的季节性特征，夏季大气水汽对太阳短波辐射的削弱作用最明显，并且发射的向下长波辐射较多；冬季大气水汽对太阳短波辐射的削弱作用相对较弱，发射向下长波辐射较少。在研究时段内北麓河地区夏季和冬季空气相对湿度每增加10%，太阳短波辐射日均值分别减少54.9和9.8 W/m²，向下长波辐射日均值分别增加14.8和3.9 W/m²。秋季空气中水汽含量的变化对地表反照率的影响最大，秋季空气相对湿度每减小10%，地表反照率增加0.15；春季最小，春季空气相对湿度每增加10%，地表反照率仅降低0.01。夏季不同典型降雨事件导致近地表水汽密度和浅层土壤含水量增大，使地表反照率降低。夏季不同类型降雨事件对地表反照率的影响程度表现为：大雨>中雨>小雨。研究结果为暖湿化气候背景下青藏高原中部多年冻土区地表能量平衡分析提供参考。

关键词: 多年冻土, 青藏高原, 空气湿度, 反照率, 辐射

Abstract:

Under the background of climate warming and humidity increase on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, atmospheric water vapor is increasing. The impact of atmospheric water vapor on land surface radiation will inevitably affect the energy distribution and thermal stability of permafrost. Based on the meteorological and hydrothermal data of the Beiluhe station located in the central Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, the effects of relative humidity at the height of 2 m and typical summer rainfall events on land surface albedo and radiation components were analyzed. The results are as below. Atmospheric water vapor can effectively weaken short-wave radiation, absorb long-wave radiation from the ground, increase downward long-wave radiation, and thus reduce surface albedo. The influence of atmospheric water vapor on land surface radiation has obvious seasonal characteristics. In summer, atmospheric water vapor has the most obvious weakening effect on solar short-wave radiation, and releases more downward long-wave radiation. In winter, the weakening effect of atmospheric water vapor on solar short-wave radiation is relatively weak, and less downward long-wave radiation is emitted. During the study period, for every 10% increase in the relative humidity of the atmospheric in the Beiluhe region in summer and winter, the daily average value of solar short-wave radiation will decrease by 54.9 and 9.8 W/m², respectively. At the same time, the daily average value of downward long-wave radiation will increase by 14.8 and 3.9 W/m², respectively. In autumn, the change in atmospheric water vapor has the most significant impact on the surface albedo. When the relative humidity in the atmosphere decreases by 10% in autumn, the surface albedo increases by 0.15. In contrast, the impact in spring is the smallest. When the relative humidity in the atmosphere increases by 10% in spring, the surface albedo only decreases by 0.01. Different typical rainfall events in summer lead to an increase in near-surface water vapor density and soil moisture content at shallow depths, which reduces surface albedo, and the reduction is positively correlated with rainfall intensity. The research results provide a reference for the analysis of surface energy balance in permafrost regions on the central Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau under the background of climate warming and wetting.

Key words: Permafrost, Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, Air humidity, Albedo, Radiation

马安静, 张明礼, 周志雄, 王永斌, 王成福. 近地表水汽密度对多年冻土区地表辐射的影响研究——以北麓河地区为例[J]. 气候变化研究进展, 2024, 20(3): 304-315.

MA An-Jing, ZHANG Ming-Li, ZHOU Zhi-Xiong, WANG Yong-Bin, WANG Cheng-Fu. Effect of near-surface water vapor density on surface radiation in permafrost regions: a case study in Beiluhe area, Qinghai province, China[J]. Climate Change Research, 2024, 20(3): 304-315.

图/表 10

图1 北麓河冻土工程与环境综合观测研究站地理位置

Fig. 1 Geographical location of the national observation and research station for permafrost engineering and environment at Beiluhe, Qinghai province on the interior Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, Southwest China

表1 仪器类型及安装位置

Table 1 The monitoring instrument type and location

图2 21世纪初期北麓河基本气象因子变化趋势注：R2数值右上星号表示线性趋势通过0.01的显著性检验。

Fig. 2 Trends of basic meteorological factors in Beiluhe station in the early 21st century

图3 2012年12月—2013年11月基本气象因子逐月变化特征

Fig. 3 Monthly change characteristics of basic meteorological factors from December 2012 to November 2013

图4 实测2012年12月1日至2013年11月30日北麓河站地表上2 m处空气相对湿度和地表辐射的变化

Fig. 4 The influence of relative humidity at the height of 2 m on land surface radiation flux at Beiluhe station during the period from 1st December 2012 to 30th November 2013

表2 不同季节2 m空气相对湿度与各辐射通量的相关系数

Table 2 Correlation coefficients between radiation fluxes and 2 m relative humidity in different seasons

图5 2012年12月—2013年11月北麓河站地表上2 m处空气相对湿度、地表反照率月平均值变化

Fig. 5 Variations of relative humidity at the height of 2 m and land surface albedo at the Beiluhe station during the period of December 2012 to November 2013

图6 2013年6—8月0.5 h降雨量和不同深度活动层土壤含水量变化

Fig. 6 Variations in rainfall and soil moisture content at different depths in the active layer in the Beiluhe permafrost station in summer (June to August) 2013

表3 夏季降雨对气象因子和辐射通量的影响

Table 3 Influence of summer rainfall on meteorological factors and radiation fluxes

图7 夏季降雨后2 m高度处空气相对湿度和地表反照率变化

Fig. 7 Variations in atmospheric relative humidity at the height of 2 m and land surface albedo in the Beiluhe permafrost station after summer rainfall in 2013

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