中国瑞典建筑碳排放对比及对中国建筑碳中和路径的启示

doi:10.12006/j.issn.1673-1719.2022.193

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

中国建筑领域用能亟需实现低碳能源转型。瑞典在经济合作与发展组织（OECD）国家中单位一次能耗碳排放强度和单位GDP碳排放强度皆为第二低，其低碳转型之路对于中国实现碳中和具有重要的参考意义。文中计算了瑞典建筑单位面积终端能耗强度与碳排放强度，结果表明瑞典建筑用能强度约为中国的2.3倍，而碳排放强度仅为中国的1/10。从建筑类别、建筑用能分项等多角度进一步展开对比研究，分析了瑞典建筑低碳转型采用的技术体系与政策机制，从优先节能理念、实现建筑电气化、减少建筑供热耗热量、构建零碳热源等方面提出了中国建筑领域实现碳中和的政策建议：我国需通过推广居民绿色生活方式、提倡“改善型”的室内环境营造理念避免未来建筑能耗出现显著增长，并通过建筑规范约束新建建筑保温性能、推进既有建筑节能改造等措施减少建筑采暖需热量，且需要促进各类余热资源和生物质燃料的收集与利用实现低碳供热，本文可为中国建筑部门低碳发展的战略规划提供参考借鉴。

关键词: 建筑领域, 节能减排, 碳中和, 瑞典, 政策建议

Abstract:

The building sector of China is in urgent needs of low-carbon transition for achieving the national carbon peaking and carbon neutrality goals. Sweden has the second lowest carbon emission intensity in Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) countries, counted in the unit of either per total primary energy supply or per GDP, and thus the low-carbon transitional pathways of the Swedish building sector are worthwhile to be investigated. In this paper, the final energy use intensity and the carbon emission intensity are calculated for the operation stage of the building sector in Sweden. The calculation results show that, although the Swedish building sector features a higher final energy use intensity per floor area, 1.3 times higher than that of China, the carbon emission density of the former is only one tenth of the latter. Furthermore, comparisons are made between Sweden and China from a variety of perspectives such as the category of the buildings and the type of the energy use activities. For providing insights on planning the low-carbon transition strategies for the building sector of China, the technological paths and policy frameworks adopted along the low-carbon energy transition of the Swedish building sector are analyzed. Policy suggestions under the scopes of cultivation energy-saving mindset, building electrification, reducing heating demands, and setup of carbon-free heat source are provided for the issue of decarbonization of the building sector of China. Some specific suggestions are given, such as to promote a green lifestyle and to advocate the improvement-oriented design concept of indoor built environment for preventing the rapid increase in energy consumption of buildings, to limit the thermal performance of new buildings and to renovate existing buildings for reducing heating demands, and to promote collection and utilization of surplus heat and biomass fuels for reaching low-carbon heating.

Key words: Building sector, Energy saving and carbon emission mitigation, Carbon neutrality, Sweden, Policy suggestion

徐天昊, 胡姗, 杨子艺, 江亿. 中国瑞典建筑碳排放对比及对中国建筑碳中和路径的启示[J]. 气候变化研究进展, 2023, 19(3): 305-319.

XU Tian-Hao, HU Shan, YANG Zi-Yi, JIANG Yi. Carbon emission comparisons of the building sector between China and Sweden and its implication for achieving carbon neutrality in the building sector of China[J]. Climate Change Research, 2023, 19(3): 305-319.

图/表 13

图1 瑞典建筑运行能耗和排放模型的架构与核算范围

Fig. 1 Structure and calculation scope of final energy consumption and carbon emission for the building sector in Sweden

表1 中、瑞建筑能耗和碳排放对比指标

Table 1 Key performance indicators for comparisons of the building energy use and carbon emission between China and Sweden

表2 瑞典建筑运行能耗和排放模型数据来源

Table 2 Data source of the Swedish building energy use and carbon emission model

图2 2019年中、瑞建筑的人均建筑面积(a)，终端能耗强度(b)和碳排放强度(c)对比

Fig. 2 Comparison of living area per capita (a), primary energy use intensity (b), and carbon emission intensity (c) of building between China and Sweden in 2019

表3 2019年中、瑞电力结构和热力供应结构对比

Table 3 Comparison of energy supplies for the heating systems and total electricity production between China and Sweden in 2019

图3 中、瑞家庭住宅户均用电量对比

Fig. 3 Comparison of electricity use between Chinese and Swedish households

表4 中、瑞住宅分项户均年平均用电量对比

Table 4 Comparison of electricity use from equipment between Chinese and Swedish households (kW?h)/户

图4 中、瑞公共建筑的用电量对比

Fig. 4 Comparison of electricity use per floor area of public buildings between China and Sweden

图5 瑞典公共建筑通风形式发展情况

Fig. 5 Development of ventilation systems in Swedish public buildings

图6 中、瑞公寓围护结构热性能对比

Fig. 6 Thermal performance comparison of the building envelope between Chinese and Swedish apartments

表5 2019年瑞典集中供热热源占比

Table 5 Energy supply proportions for district heating systems in Sweden in 2019

图7 瑞典集中供热热源结构发展过程

Fig. 7 Development of energy supplies for district heating systems in Sweden

图8 瑞典热泵销售数量[24]及别墅供热方式演变

Fig. 8 Evolution of heat pump sales and heating methods of detached houses in Sweden

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